tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-72672188876806870852024-03-13T13:07:50.647-07:00Noah and the Great Flood of Genesis 6-9Just How 'Global' Was the Great Genesis Flood?AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.comBlogger181125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-36885597593968448882024-02-22T11:52:00.000-08:002024-02-22T11:52:46.032-08:00Sumerian History in Chaos<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlsOwPClhKOtniA3O5PwzeNmVv6yesU3TZ43qQMmCgBvd855loVq3BSBmIqu8dru2MXzME79CSZdBf8Ekk_I-IREnjZyr7KkqxMrFucWkLoWgoybZngXFzBf2ljkSuEOPJJTD6j_60huVhkOMhb1Hx_xkqRfdynxX65qKZ26uuBT15KSakFEGKZvVVRrU0/s511/Urukagina.webp" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" height="600" data-original-height="511" data-original-width="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlsOwPClhKOtniA3O5PwzeNmVv6yesU3TZ43qQMmCgBvd855loVq3BSBmIqu8dru2MXzME79CSZdBf8Ekk_I-IREnjZyr7KkqxMrFucWkLoWgoybZngXFzBf2ljkSuEOPJJTD6j_60huVhkOMhb1Hx_xkqRfdynxX65qKZ26uuBT15KSakFEGKZvVVRrU0/s600/Urukagina.webp"/></a></div>
by
Damien F. Mackey
It surely follows from my latest article (20th April, 2023):
Sumerian Geography in Chaos
(6) Sumerian Geography in Chaos | Damien Mackey - Academia.edu
that historians will not be able to give a definitive account of who the Sumerians were, from whence they originated, and what was the basis of their language.
Nita Gleimius will introduce the enigmatic Sumerians with the phrase commonly used for them, “The Sumerian Problem” (2022):
https://www.thecollector.com/sumerian-problem/
The Sumerian Problem(s): Did the Sumerians Exist?
Did the Sumerian civilization really exist? Were they immigrants? And why is their language so unique?
Oct 22, 2022 • By Nita Gleimius, BA Ancient Near Eastern Cultures & Biblical Archaeology
Controversies regarding the Sumerian people — generally called “The Sumerian Problem” — started almost as soon as their civilization was rediscovered. After almost two centuries of discoveries and interpretations, and the deciphering of ancient cuneiform texts from various ancient Near Eastern sources, the very existence of the Sumerians as a distinct nation is still questioned today by some learned scholars.
Add to this the various theories about ancient aliens and mysterious teachers, and we have a veritable melting pot of beliefs, myths, and interpretations that defy logic. Many Assyriologists and Sumerologists, like Thorkild Jacobsen and Samuel Noah Kramer, have contributed immensely to the unraveling and interpretation of facts from conjecture. They started to create a semblance of order using the conglomeration of information from archaeology, cuneiform texts, guesswork, and unsubstantiated theories. But even they had to guess and make assumptions.
What Is the Sumerian Problem?
Discovering our ancient roots is enlightening and wonderfully exciting, one clue leads to a discovery, which leads to another clue, which leads to another discovery, and so on — almost like a top-selling mystery novel. But imagine that your favorite mystery or crime novelist suddenly ends a book without tying up the pieces — and with some crucial pieces of the mystery still missing. Without crucial evidence, without enough hints to lead you further, you may check and recheck if you were right in your analysis and tentative conclusions. Sometimes archaeologists end up with just such a mystery.
In the case of the Sumerians, the problems started from the very beginning; their very existence, their identity, their origin, their language, and their demise have all been questioned. Once most of the archaeological and linguistic fraternities agreed that a previously unknown group of people had in fact settled in southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) before 4000 BCE, theories abounded.
Scholars theorized, reasoned, and debated. Instead of arriving at a reasonable potential geographic location, questions and mysteries multiplied. The issue became several issues. The Sumerian Problem became so emotional for some scholars that they attacked each other openly and personally. The media had a field day, and the scholarly war became in itself part of the problem.
The truth is that a civilization that lasted for more than 3,000 years [sic] would inevitably have gone through deep changes — in social, political, cultural, and economic terms. It will have been affected by outside factors such as the physical environment, contact with and incursions from outsiders, and pestilence. It would also have been impacted by population growth patterns, cultural changes, habits, the natural diffusion of immigrant cultures, as well as thought patterns, religious influences, internal strife, and wars among city-states.
Mackey’s comment: Problems, questions, are arising due to a greatly over-expanded chronology and to an uncertain geography, making it impossible to be really definite about the situation. Hence the question below: Why Is There a Problem?
How then can we define such a multiplex of societal epochs as one single civilization? Were the Sumerians rough and robust outsiders that took over an already refined and more advanced southern Mesopotamian society?
Background: Why Is There a Problem?
After thousands of years of nomadic and semi-nomadic seasonal settlements created by hunter-gatherers, some settlements in southern Mesopotamia were settled all year round. From around 4000 BCE there appears to have been a relatively rapid development in agriculture, culture, and technology.
Mackey’s comment: The Great Agricultural Leap had begun before this, at Karaca Dağ.
See e.g. my article:
Great Leap to Agriculture made by Noah’s family in mountains of SE Turkey
(9) Great Leap to Agriculture made by Noah’s family in mountains of SE Turkey | Damien Mackey - Academia.edu
Low-lying Sumer was still, at that stage, under the influence of the vestiges of the Flood. Far from being the Cradle of Civilisation, its settlement was relatively later.
Nita Gleimius continues:
Crops were planted using irrigation: canals diverted rivers, channels ran from rivers to crop fields, and furrows led water into the fields. A simple plow was converted into a seeder plow which could do both jobs at once — and could be pulled by draught animals.
By 3500 BCE agriculture was no longer so labor-intensive, and people could direct their attention to other occupations. Urbanization and specialization in the manufacturing of goods such as ceramics, farm implements, boat building, and other crafts led to cities being built around large religious centers by 3000 BCE. Why and where did this burst of innovation come from?
Various Biblical scholars and treasure hunters have actively searched the ancient Near East for proof of Biblical stories and to find legendary riches from ancient civilizations. Scholars and historians from as far back as Herodotus knew well enough about the Assyrians and the Babylonians. Nobody, though, knew that these civilizations inherited their advanced cultures from a still older civilization.
Mackey’s comment: Assyrian Nineveh was surely settled before Sumer (which is not the biblical “Shinar”) was (Genesis 10:10, 11).
Assyria was called “the land of Nimrod” (Micah 5:6).
Nita Gleimius continues:
Though the Sumerians were gone and forgotten, their legacy was very much alive. It had passed down through other geographic locations …
Mackey’s comment: Even its own supposed geographic locations belonged far away elsewhere.
… and through social, political, and economic developments as empires came and went through the ages that followed.
….
The Sumerian Language Quest
The discovery of Ashurbanipal’s library at Nineveh and the subsequent translation of its texts revealed three distinct languages written in similar cuneiform script. Assyrian and Babylonian were distinctly Semitic, but a third Semitic script contained words and syllables that just did not fit into the rest of its Semitic vocabulary. This language was Akkadian with non-Semitic Sumerian phraseology interlaced. Excavations at Lagash and Nippur provided plenty of cuneiform tablets, and these were entirely in this non-Semitic language.
Researchers noted that the Babylonian kings called themselves the kings of Sumer and Akkad. Akkadian was accounted for, so they named the new script Sumerian. Then they found tablets with bilingual texts, believed to be from school exercises. Although these tablets were dated to the first millennium BCE, long after Sumerian as a spoken language had ceased to exist, it continued as a written language similar to the use of Latin today.
Identifying and deciphering Sumerian did not solve the problem of their origins. The language is what is known as a language isolate — it fits into no other known language group. Instead of clarifying the origins of the Sumerians, it added to the confusion.
Scholars have identified many Semitic names among the place names used by the Sumerians for some of their greatest cities. Ur, Uruk, Eridu, and Kish are but a few of these. This could mean that they moved into places that were already settled — or it could mean that they kept the place names given to these cities by their conquerors — the Akkadians and the Elamites — after regaining their independence. The Elamites, though, were also a non-Semitic speaking people, and the identified names are Semitic.
Another scholarly argument is that some of the earliest words from the Sumerian language are from the most primitive phase of their agricultural development. Many words are names for local southern Mesopotamian animals and plants. This may mean that the Sumerians were primitive immigrants settling into a more advanced culture (the Ubaid culture).
They then later adopted the culture of their host country and developed it further with more innovations. Another argument in favor of this hypothesis is that the Sumerian words for these above objects are mostly one syllable, whereas the words for more sophisticated objects have more than one syllable, indicating the more advanced culture of another group.
Samuel Noah Kramer has argued that the Ubaid culture in the region was already advanced when the Sumerians arrived. The Ubaid culture, he posited, came from the Zagros mountains, and amalgamated over time with several Semitic groups from Arabia and elsewhere. After the Sumerians conquered this more advanced Ubaid culture, they and the Sumerians together achieved the heights that we now assign to the Sumerian civilization.
More Sumerian Origin Hypotheses
Archaeological finds from the earliest levels of Sumerian civilization, such as the oldest Eridu temple structures, confirms that southern Mesopotamian culture is similar from at least the Ubaid Period right through the giant leaps towards urbanized civilization. There is no sign of any outside material in these earliest levels, and a lack of foreign pottery clinches it.
On the other hand, some theorists maintain that religious structures like ziggurats appear in Sumer only in the late Uruk period. The time selected by the immigrant theorists for the Sumerian arrival in the already flourishing Ubaid Period of southern Mesopotamia. ….
The hypothesis that the Sumerians came from a homeland beyond the Persian Gulf towards the East has been floated on and off since their identification. This theory is popular with those who do not believe that the Sumerians would have traveled across the hinterland of Mesopotamia all the way to the tip of the land where resources are more limited. Another southern origin idea posits that the Sumerians were Arabs who lived on the east coast of the Persian Gulf before their home was flooded after the last ice age.
Other scholars theorize that their skills with metalwork — for which there were zero resources in Sumer — and the building of high places (ziggurats), indicate that their homeland must have been in the mountains. The most popular theory here points to the foothills and plains of the Zagros mountains — today’s Iranian plateau.
Others suggest that they may be related to the original peoples of ancient India. They find similarities between the Sumerian language and the Dravidian group of languages from this region.
Mackey’s comment: Very much needing to be factored in here as well is the noticeable similarity between Sumerian and Chinese:
Ancient Chinese History and the Book of Genesis. Part Four: Chinese and Sumerian
(9) Ancient Chinese History and the Book of Genesis. Part Four: Chinese and Sumerian | Damien Mackey - Academia.edu
To the north, we have several areas that could be likely candidates if the Sumerians were immigrants to southern Mesopotamia. The areas around the Caspian Sea, Afghanistan, Anatolia, the Taurus mountains, Northern Iran, Kramer’s trans-Caucasian area, Northern Syria, and more.
Mackey’s comment: So much guesswork here.
Might I suggest trying “Northern Syria” (above)/ southern Turkey?
Kings David and Solomon
With the geography of Sumer (supposedly) unscrambled, we are surprised to find deeds pertaining to the Israelite kings, David and Solomon, in the Eshnunna and Lagash tales of the c. C18th BC, with Solomon appearing even well before that, in the c. C22nd BC.
But, given the apparently long history of this region - artificial though it all may be - we would expect to find other Israelite/Judean history there as well.
And that we surely do.
But I shall need an article supplementary to this one to cover it.
This is what I have previously written on David, Solomon and Eshnunna, Lagash.
*****
One of the most important contributions to the revision of ancient history, with a keen reference to the Bible, has been Dean Hickman’s re-location of King Hammurabi of Babylon from, originally, c. 2400, now c. 1800 BC (conventional dating) - with some revisionists opting for c. 1450 BC, the time of Joshua - to the era of kings David and King Solomon (c. 1000 BC, standard dating).
Dean Hickman most helpfully identified the powerful Assyrian ruler of the time, Shamsi-Adad I, as the biblical (Syrian) king, Hadadezer, against whom King David successfully campaigned (2 Samuel 8:3).
And Hickman skilfully identified Hadadezer’s father, Rekhob (or Rehob), as Shamsi-Adad’s father, Uru-kabkabu (Urukab = Rekhob).
Surely, so I then thought, kings David and Solomon must also be historically identifiable amongst these supposed C18th BC kings and their wars.
A tentative thought of mine was that King Solomon may have been King Jabin of Hazor (Mari Letters) at this time, seeing that Solomon had control of that city (I Kings 9:15).
Unfortunately, several good revisionist historians, ignoring Dean Hickman’s work, have identified this Jabin with the one at the time of Joshua (11:1), thereby throwing their revisions right out of kilter, by about half a millennium.
Jabin was a generic name for rulers of Hazor, and there was another such Canaanite king at the time of Deborah (Judges 4).
King Solomon may have taken the name as well when he gained control of Hazor. Or, this Jabin may have been another Canaanite king under that name whom Solomon conquered.
The Mari Letters do not name places further south than this, so any reference to Solomon may have associated him with one of his northern cities (closer to Mari), rather than to Jerusalem much further to the south.
Of more pressing interest to me, though, was that there was a king with a David-like name, who was, again like King David, an opponent of Shamsi-Adad I (Hadadezer).
The name David means “Beloved”:
https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/David.html
I refer to a King of Eshnunna, Naram-Sin (“Beloved of” the Lord) – the Syrians interchanged Sin and El.
Even closer to David’s name was Dadusha of Eshnunna of the same approximate era.
Hence, I badly wanted Eshnunna re-situated from Sumer to the region of Jerusalem.
The trouble was that Eshnunna seemed firmly situated in Central Mesopotamia, to the north of Sumer.
But that was not to be the end of the story.
I had, in my university thesis (2007) distinguished between two forts named Ashdod, the well-known coastal one belonging to the Philistines, known in Sargon II’s Annals as Ashdudimmu, “Ashdod-by-the-Sea”, and another Ashdod that Sargon II’s General (Turtan) captured (Isaiah 20:1), which I determined to have been the famous Lachish.
It needs to be noted that Lachish was second in importance to Jerusalem itself:
https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/31/4/8
“Among cities in ancient Judah, Lachish was second only to Jerusalem in importance. A principal Canaanite and, later, Israelite site, Lachish occupied a major tell (mound) 25 miles southwest of Jerusalem, nestled in the foothills of Judah (the region known as the Shephelah)”.
Eventually it struck me that my combination, Ashdod-Lachish, had to be the supposed Sumerian combination of Eshnunna-Lagash. (Friend Robert R. Salverda, at the same time, had come to the conclusion that Lagash was Lachish).
Now, with Eshnunna as Ashdudda (merely requiring an n and d interchange), or Ashdod (Lachish), then Dadusha king of Eshnunna could certainly be King David. Thanks to Dean Hickman’s revision, Dadusha was now an approximate contemporary of King David.
But why Lachish and not Jerusalem for David (Dadusha)?
Well, it is an indication of the importance of Lachish. However, some Sumeriologists think that Lagash was not the capital, but that Girsu, the religious centre, actually was.
The religious centre, Girsu, therefore, with Lagash secondary to it, must be Jerusalem.
This has since led me to the realisation that the land of Sumer needs to be de-nuded of some of its most famous names. Places that seemingly just drop out of history.
That is because they did not belong there in the first place.
Seth Richardson, refers to them as ‘falling off the political map’. Thus I wrote on this:
Amazingly - though not really surprisingly under the circumstances - Lagash and Girsu seem to ‘fall permanently off the political map’, according to Seth Richardson (and that is because they do not belong on this map):
Ningirsu returns to his plow: Lagaš and Girsu take leave of Ur (2008)
(5) Ningirsu returns to his plow: Lagaš and Girsu take leave of Ur (2008) | Seth Richardson - Academia.edu
The Ur III state came to its end through a series of passive defections of individual provinces over the course of about twenty years, rather than by any single catastrophic event. This pattern of defections is nowhere better reflected than in the gradual progression of provinces abandoning the use of Ibbi-Sîn’s year names over his years 2–8.
Among the cities that fell away from the control of Ur in those years were Girsu and Lagaš, where Ur III year names are not attested after Ibbi-Sîn’s sixth year. …. Like Puzriš-Dagān and Umma (but unlike Larsa, Uruk, Isin, and Nippur), these cities seemingly fell permanently off the political map of lower Mesopotamia following their departure from Ur’s control, never again the seat of significant institutional life to judge by the low number of texts and inscriptions coming from the sites. At the same time, it is difficult to assert from evidence that any hardship or conflict either precipitated or resulted from Lagaš-Girsu’s decamping from Ur’s authority; no especial difficulty marks the event. ….
Considering that Puzrish-Dagan and Umma likewise fall off the map, we may need now to begin critically examining these two places as well.
Happily, for Sumeriologists and the like, Larsa, Uruk, Isin, and Nippur, seem to be firmly established in Sumer.
Though I would distinguish between the well-known Sumerian Uruk and the Urukku seemingly associated with Girsu (my Jerusalem) as its sanctuary.
(Ur, Uruk, appear to have been very common ancient names, widely distributed).
Also to be distinguished, in this context, are the Sumerian Ur and the home of Abram, “Ur of the Chaldees”, which is Urfa (Şanliurfa) in SE Turkey, far from Sumer.
Finally, given my view (and that of others) that Jerusalem was the same site as the antediluvian Garden of Eden, then the Gu-Edin (Guedena) over which the king of Lagash, Eannatum (yet to be identified), and the king of Umma, fought, could perhaps be a reference to the region of Jerusalem (or some place closely associated with it).
[End of quotes]
When the Jews were exiled to Sumer, their history must have become known, but re-cast in Sumerian fashion, with Sumerian pronunciations replacing Hebrew ones.
King Dadusha’s famous stele, honouring the god, Adad, might lead one to think that David (if Dadusha) was an idolater.
But some think that this stele would have been set up, instead, by Dadusha’s son, Ibal-pi-el, who must then be King Solomon himself, who did apostatise, and who did build polytheistic and idolatrous shrines (I Kings 11:1-13).
Or, it might simply be that the god, Adad, was the best name representation for the God of Israel in that SE part of the ancient world.
Some commentators suggest that King David, rather than Hadadezer, set up his boundary stele, at the Euphrates (2 Samuel 8:3): “Moreover, David defeated Hadadezer son of Rehob, king of Zobah, when he [meaning David] went to restore his monument at the Euphrates River”.
King Solomon
I have most tentatively identified King Solomon above with Jabin king of Hazor (the Mari Letters). And, somewhat more confidently, with Ibal-pi-el of Eshnunna.
Most confidently, I have identified King Solomon, in Eighteenth Dynasty Egypt, as Senenmut, adviser (consort?) to the female pharaoh, Hatshepsut. See e.g. my article:
Solomon and Sheba
(3) Solomon and Sheba | Damien Mackey - Academia.edu
I also suggested in this article that the sage king Solomon has been appropriated by the Greeks as the Athenian statesman (using Hebrew laws, no less), Solomon.
Senenmut is often considered by historians to have been ‘the real power behind the throne’ of Egypt.
Conventional historians, however, have no hope whatsoever of identifying any of the above characters (presuming any of them be legitimate) with King Solomon. To do so, they would need to cross geographical boundaries and timelines. Thus:
C18th BC Syro-Palestine, as Jabin of Hazor and/or Ibal-pi-el of Eshnunna.
C15th BC Egypt, as Senenmut during the Eighteenth Dynasty. Not to mention
C11th BC Jerusalem, as the biblical King Solomon.
Naturally, this throws into absolute chaos the conventional archaeology.
And so we get puerile statements by the likes of Israeli professor Israel Finkelstein: “Now Solomon. I think I destroyed Solomon, so to speak. Sorry for that!”
(Draper, R., “Kings of Controversy”, National Geographic, December 2010, p. 85).
Doubtlessly, there will be other intriguing manifestations of the great king as well, including possibly in a pseudo AD ‘history’ (Charlemagne?, Suleiman?).
Now, with Lagash re-identified as the Judean Lachish, then a supposedly much earlier character of note emerges as a prime candidate for King Solomon the Temple builder.
I refer to:
Gudea ensi of Lagash
We now have to locate ourselves back in c. 2100 BC, although the dating of Gudea is almost as liquid as has been that of Hammurabi of Babylon.
Gudea is variously dated to c. 2144-2124 BC (middle chronology), or c. 2080–2060 BC (short chronology).
I am going to date him closer to c. 950 BC – about 1200 years lower than the earliest conventional estimate for him.
“Parallels between Gudea’s and Solomon’s account include … taxing the people; costly imports; divine word requiring obedience; detailed description of opulent furnishings; consecration; installation of divine majesty into temple; speech by ruler at consecration imploring divine bounty; specification of ruler’s offering …”.
Diane M. Sharon
Having the ancient city of Lagash rudely transferred from deep in Sumer, to be re-located 1300-plus km (as I estimate it) westwards, as the fort of Lachish, as I have proposed to be necessary in articles such as:
As Ashduddu (Ashdod) is to Lachish, so, likewise, is Eshnunna to Lagash
(7) As Ashduddu (Ashdod) is to Lachish, so, likewise, is Eshnunna to Lagash | Damien Mackey - Academia.edu
then it comes as no surprise - in fact, I would have expected it - to learn that Gudea’s Temple hymn has Jewish resonances.
It just remains to be determined with which prominent Jewish builder, Gudea – {a name that looks like Judea, but supposedly means: “the messenger or the one called by the god, or “the receiver of revelation”, meaning “the prophet”} – may have been.
Diane M. Sharon, who has dated the era of Gudea about a millennium too early, has nevertheless written most interestingly at the beginning of her 1996 article, “A Biblical Parallel to a Sumerian Temple Hymn? Ezekiel 40–48 and Gudea”:
Ezekiel’s remarkably detailed vision of the future temple as described in chapters 40–48 is unique in Biblical literature. …. However, it bears undeniable resemblance to the ancient Near Eastern genre of Sumerian temple hymns, and to one example in particular. …. This example, commonly referred to as the Gudea Cylinders, was written at about 2125 B.C.E. to commemorate the building of a temple to the god Ningirsu by Gudea, king of Lagash. …. It recounts a vision received by Gudea in a dream, in which he is shown the plan and dimensions of the temple he is to build. While in fundamental ways these texts are quite different, this paper will focus on the common features of theme, structure, and detail shared by these two documents.
We will focus first on the major themes which are common to Ezekiel and Gudea, addressing especially the association of the temple with abundance, and particularly with water as a symbol of fertility associated with the temple. We will also address a second theme in common, the concern with gradations of purification and consecration.
Ezekiel’s vision of the restored temple is the culmination of his prophetic mission, which spanned more than twenty years during the sixth century B.C.E. …. The burden of his message in most of his book is the inevitability of the destruction of Jerusalem, the death of most of Judah’s inhabitants, and the scattering of the pitiful remainder. ….
But from the time God tells Ezekiel to watch for a refugee bearing the news of Jerusalem’s downfall, Ezekiel begins to prophesy against Israel’s enemies. …. While his message can never be described as comforting, Ezekiel does convey hope as he begins at this point to sketch the outlines of an Israel restored to her land with a new heart and a new spirit for the honor of her God (37:22, 26–28, 32).
Ezekiel’s final chapters, dazzling in their graphic description of the divine majesty re-establishing residence in the magnificent re-sanctified precincts of a rebuilt temple, conclude with an unmistakable allusion to fertility and abundance (47:9–12).
In notably parallel circumstances [sic], Gudea’s temple-building occurs toward the end of the seventy- or eighty-year domination of Sumer by a people known as the Gutians. …. The Gutian invasion, described in the Sumerian lament, “The Curse of Agade,” … resulted in dire famine for Sumer, with “misery, want, death and desolation thus threatening to overwhelm practically all ‘mankind fashioned by Enlil’.” ….
After these decades of oppression, the Sumerian people experience a renewal. Gudea builds a temple at the direction of the storm god Ningirsu. …. The temple’s construction and consecration represent the presence of the god’s blessings of abundance among the people … and may indeed have the same “redemptive” implications as Ezekiel’s visionary temple, that of a people rebuilt at long last after devastation by an invader and many years of foreign oppression. ….
For Gudea, the temple is a sign of the divine presence, bringing with it abundance. …. Ningirsu promises: ….
….
When to my house, the house honored in all lands,
the right arm of Lagash,
the thunderbird roaring on the horizon—
Eninnu, my kingly house,
O able shepherd Gudea, you put effectively the hand for me,
I shall call up a rain …
that from above it bring for you abundance;
and the people may spread hands with you on the abundance.
May with the laying of the foundations of my house abundance come! ….
It is interesting that in both texts at least part of the promised abundance takes the metaphoric form of being showered from above. In fact, an important parallel between the two works is the repetition of all types of water images, many associated with fertility, and some—notably thunderstorms and water flowing from the earth— also associated with the appearance of the divinity.
In the Sumerian hymn, water images abound. The overflow of the river signals to Gudea that the god wants something of him. …. Gudea floats down the river in a barge, seeking the clarifying oracle and stopping at different stages on the way to appease the tutelary gods with bread and libations of clear water. …. The clan (area) of the goddess Nanshe, another divinity invoked in Gudea’s dream, is described as “superabundant waters spreading abundance,” i7-mah a-diri hé-gál-bi pàr-pàr. …. Repeatedly, the heart of a god is referred to as a flood, or as a river overflowing. …. And the god Ningirsu, himself the personification of the thundercloud and the overflowing river, is invoked with unmistakable references to waters of fertility. ….
In the final chapters of Ezekiel, YHWH, too, partakes of this image of divine abundance associated with water, though to be sure the associations are attenuated and not always clear-cut. For example, in Ezekiel’s second vision of theophany, the sound of God’s voice is compared to the sound of “the voice of mighty waters,” … (43:2). Ezekiel compares this theophany to his first experience many years before, both specifically located by the river Chebar. ….
But by far the most dramatic water image in the book of Ezekiel is manifestly associated with fertility and abundance: that of the river issuing from beneath the visionary temple in 47:1–12. Moshe Greenberg remarks that Ezekiel’s celestial architect leads Ezekiel from the modest origin of the spring and measures its growth into “an unfordable river after a 4,000-cubit flow through a desert!” …. Greenberg is impressed with the connection between this flow of water and miraculous abundance, and notes:
This vision specifically connects Temple and fertility and singles out for transformation the most barren tract of land—the wilderness of Judah—and the body of water most inhospitable to life, the Dead Sea, a dramatic exhibition of God’s beneficent presence in the temple. ….
Raphael Patai is also impressed by this association between the temple and fertility, and he was the first to make this particular connection between Ezekiel’s vision and Gudea’s temple. ….
Both Gudea and Ezekiel are deeply concerned with purification. …. All those who are “impure” … are banished from Gudea’s city, and the king consecrates the city and the ground on which he will build his temple with fire and with incense. ….
In a sense, for Ezekiel, the people will have already been purified by an ordeal by fire in the destruction and exile. Nevertheless, purification and gradations of holiness are still a major concern of Ezekiel’s, never more apparent than in this vision of the Temple rebuilt.
According to Greenberg, the very design of Ezekiel’s visionary Temple reflects the prophet’s focus upon sanctity. Greenberg comments that: ….
The Temple proper expresses gradation of holiness by the successively narrowing entrances to its inner parts. Along the border between the two courts rooms and zones are appointed for activities which if not properly contained might violate the grades of holiness.
God’s blessing follows closely upon the consecration of the temple. Once the temple is completed and the degrees of holiness are appropriately defined and contained in their designated locations within the visionary edifice, the full abundance which seems contingent on proper sanctification bursts forth in the form of the spring of water emerging from the south side of the altar. ….
Gudea’s god also makes abundance contingent upon the completion of the temple, and the Sumerians enjoy gradually increasing abundance as the temple construction progresses. For Gudea’s people, abundance begins from the moment the foundation of the temple is laid; … and, of course, when the temple is completed, abundance rains down and is also raised from the earth in the form of grain. ….
It is possible to view the gradually increasing abundance which follows the progress of building Gudea’s temple as an expression of the same idea in a different metaphor as the abundance which follows the carefully designated degrees of holiness embodied in the design of Ezekiel’s visionary temple.
The divine command in both instances is for an edifice which expresses in its design (in Ezekiel’s case) or in its process of construction (in Gudea’s case) the idea of progressive sanctification. Upon the achievement of the final sanctification in both cases, the divine blessing of abundance pours forth in the form of fertilizing water.
In addition to these two major themes of, first, associating temple with both water and abundance, and, second, preoccupation with degrees of sanctity, the structural pattern of the temple vision in Ezekiel shares much in common with the structure of the Gudea hymn. ….
Let us first summarize the common structural pattern, and then we will examine specific details. The common structural pattern consists of seven points:
1) annunciation to the seer in a vision or a dream of the divine desire to have a temple built; ….
2) a precise blueprint received in an altered state of consciousness at the hand of a divine “architectural assistant”;
3) concern throughout with purification, consecration, and ritual/ cultic renewal;
4) installation of the divine majesty into the completed edifice;
5) assignment of specific duties to designated temple personnel;
6) ultimate consecration of the temple for service to the divinity; followed, finally, by
7) the divine blessing in the form of abundance expressed in water imagery.
The idea of a cosmogonic pattern for temple archetypes is recurrent in the critical literature of comparative mythology … and has been seen in biblical and ancient Near Eastern literature as well. ….
Several of the points outlined in the scholarly literature as they relate to food narratives or to edifice construction in Mesopotamian and Biblical literature apply as well to the accounts we have been considering in Ezekiel and Gudea, specifically, the associations among temple, water, and abundance; the divine request for a temple as conveyed to a king or priest; the requirement for cultic purification; and the celebration of a recurring annual ritual of re-consecration. ….
Taken together with other scholarly studies on temple models of the ancient Near East reflected in Hebrew scripture … the correspondences among so many sacred constructions from so many different, though related, cultures in the ancient Near East suggest an implicit, if not explicit, paradigm for the structure and function of “Temple” that was operative over a long period and at many levels. The several biblical accounts that correspond to this hypothetical model may be adduced as evidence that Hebrew scribes and prophets were familiar with this genre and incorporated it into their writings.
Before proceeding to consideration of our third task, the examination of parallels in the details of the two texts, it is worthwhile noting that the structure and details of Gudea’s building program also bear great resemblance to other temple construction accounts in the Bible, specifically Solomon’s activity described in 1 Kgs. 5:1–9:9 and Hezekiah’s reconstruction and repair of the temple outlined in 2 Chronicles 29–31.
While a deeper analysis must wait, a summary of the parallels might be illuminating for the reader of the present paper. Parallels between Gudea’s and Solomon’s account include: … taxing the people; costly imports; divine word requiring obedience; detailed description of opulent furnishings; consecration; installation of divine majesty into temple; speech by ruler at consecration imploring divine bounty; specification of ruler’s offering; feast of seven days; and divine exhortation to moral and ethical behavior by ruler and subjects. ….
AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-51527917514084312792024-02-22T11:40:00.000-08:002024-02-22T11:40:18.698-08:00Sumerian Geography in Chaos<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2yn91-Q2eAoX3T7U32t1SiqW8x9ZTJC1XdDTJJYMAXhD8G1aeYdW8ps7MoXGgMoBBpkYTvIm5S6zfpOO9F1DiID0Ng7X_-v4pjcH09w-KAxHKEXG3rLyJxTt2ThCBWoH9gVDES3WW-0RfPAMf_nUVAd9cNLMSU00c8vZecg5NU6aBcwEzonshBkln592g/s994/Sumer_map.webp" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" width="600" data-original-height="780" data-original-width="994" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2yn91-Q2eAoX3T7U32t1SiqW8x9ZTJC1XdDTJJYMAXhD8G1aeYdW8ps7MoXGgMoBBpkYTvIm5S6zfpOO9F1DiID0Ng7X_-v4pjcH09w-KAxHKEXG3rLyJxTt2ThCBWoH9gVDES3WW-0RfPAMf_nUVAd9cNLMSU00c8vZecg5NU6aBcwEzonshBkln592g/s600/Sumer_map.webp"/></a></div>
by
Damien F. Mackey
As explained in e.g. my article:
Prince of Lagash
(4) Prince of Lagash | Damien Mackey - Academia.edu
none of these following locations:
Akkad;
Dilmun;
Magan;
Meluḫḫa;
Lagash;
Eshnunna;
Girsu;
Gu-Edin
was actually located in - as we are commonly told - Sumer (for Akkad; Lagash; Girsu Gu-Edin); or Central Mesopotamia (for Eshnunna); or Bahrain/Oman/Indus Valley (for Magan and Meluḫḫa).
None of these was even situated to the east of the Euphrates River.
We have been served up a ridiculous geography of Sumer, in part, and of its environs.
So it is not really surprising – could almost be anticipated – that some of the places, such as Lagash and Girsu, seem to ‘fall permanently off the political map’ (and that is because they have never belonged on this map). According to Seth Richardson:
Ningirsu returns to his plow: Lagaš and Girsu take leave of Ur (2008)
(5) Ningirsu returns to his plow: Lagaš and Girsu take leave of Ur (2008) | Seth Richardson - Academia.edu
The Ur III state came to its end through a series of passive defections of individual provinces over the course of about twenty years, rather than by any single catastrophic event. This pattern of defections is nowhere better reflected than in the gradual progression of provinces abandoning the use of Ibbi-Sîn’s year names over his years 2–8.
Among the cities that fell away from the control of Ur in those years were Girsu and Lagaš, where Ur III year names are not attested after Ibbi-Sîn’s sixth year. …. Like Puzriš-Dagān and Umma (but unlike Larsa, Uruk, Isin, and Nippur), these cities seemingly fell permanently off the political map of lower Mesopotamia following their departure from Ur’s control, never again the seat of significant institutional life to judge by the low number of texts and inscriptions coming from the sites. At the same time, it is difficult to assert from evidence that any hardship or conflict either precipitated or resulted from Lagaš-Girsu’s decamping from Ur’s authority; no especial difficulty marks the event. ….
[End of quote]
All of these places in my list above I have re-located far to the west (and to the south of west).
Akkad was, in fact, the famous port city of Ugarit (Ras Shamra) far away on the Mediterranean coast.
The Egyptians knew Ugarit as IKAT (Akkad).
It really makes no sense, does it, that the great Assyro-Babylonian monarchs would individually have boasted of being a “king of Sumer and Akkad” if there was no meaningful geographical separation between the two name-places.
Locations thought to have been closely associated with Akkad, geographically, such as Dilmun, Magan and Meluḫḫa, were found to have been nowhere near Sumer either.
These were, respectively, Tyre, Egypt and Ethiopia.
The region of Sumer, long considered to have been the biblical Shinar (Genesis 11:2), and hence the “Cradle of Civilisation”, was, in fact, a region of late settlement due to the waters and marshes left over by the Genesis Flood.
Post-Flood civilisation began in SE Turkey, at Karaca Dağ, the mountain of the Ark’s landing according to the brilliant research by Ken Griffith and Darrell K. White, “Candidate site for Noah’s Ark, altar, and tomb” (Journal of Creation 35(3):50–63, December 2021): https://creation.com/karaca-dag
From there, it is a small step to the world’s most ancient civilisations of Göbekli Tepe, and other places traditionally considered to be the world’s “first city”, such as Abram’s Ur of the Chaldees (Sanliurfa), and Harran.
Lagash and Eshnunna. This is the same place. And it is to be found in Judah.
I had, in my university thesis (2007) distinguished between two forts named Ashdod, the well-known coastal one belonging to the Philistines, known in Sargon II’s Annals as Ashdudimmu, “Ashdod-by-the-Sea”, and another Ashdod that Sargon II’s General (Turtan) captured (Isaiah 20:1), which I determined to have been the famous Lachish.
It needs to be noted that Lachish was second in importance to Jerusalem itself:
https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/31/4/8
“Among cities in ancient Judah, Lachish was second only to Jerusalem in importance. A principal Canaanite and, later, Israelite site, Lachish occupied a major tell (mound) 25 miles southwest of Jerusalem, nestled in the foothills of Judah (the region known as the Shephelah)”.
Eventually it struck me that my combination, Ashdod-Lachish, had to be the supposed Sumerian combination of Eshnunna-Lagash. (Friend Robert R. Salverda, at the same time, had come to the conclusion that Lagash was Lachish).
Lagash is sometimes referred to as Lakish.
Eshnunna as Ashdudda merely requires an n and d interchange.
But why do we find Lachish (Lagash) being so important? What about Jerusalem?
Well, it is an indication of the importance of Lachish. However, some Sumeriologists think that Lagash was not the capital, but that Girsu, the religious centre, actually was.
The religious centre, Girsu, therefore, with Lagash secondary to it, must be Jerusalem.
This has since led me to the realisation that the land of Sumer needs to be stripped of some of its most famous names. Places that seemingly just drop out of history.
Puzrish-Dagan and Umma, that likewise fall off the map, need to come under scrutiny now as well.
Happily, for Sumeriologists and the like, Larsa, Uruk, Isin, and Nippur, seem to be firmly established in Sumer.
Though I would distinguish between the well-known Sumerian Uruk and the Urukku seemingly associated with Girsu (my Jerusalem) as its sanctuary.
(Ur, Uruk, appear to have been very common ancient names, widely distributed).
Also to be distinguished, in this context, are the Sumerian Ur and the home of Abram, “Ur of the Chaldees”, which is Urfa (Şanliurfa) in SE Turkey, far from Sumer.
Finally, given my view (and that of others) that Jerusalem was the same site as the antediluvian Garden of Eden, then the Gu-Edin (Guedena) over which the king of Lagash, Eannatum (yet to be identified), and the king of Umma, fought, could perhaps be a reference to the region of Jerusalem (or some place closely associated with it).
Akkad will also disappear from history, as did Ugarit at the time of the Sea Peoples.
But this will be due purely to external destruction.
When the Jews were exiled to Sumer, their history must have become known, but re-cast in Sumerian fashion, with Sumerian pronunciations replacing Hebrew ones.
Now - and this will be examined in my next article, “Sumerian History in Chaos” - we have the absurdity that some of what is presented as extremely ancient Sumerian history was, in fact, far less ancient Judean history.
AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-17919743519872252772020-01-07T15:17:00.003-08:002020-01-07T15:18:12.490-08:00Ancient Australians. Part Two: Southern Indian Tamil-Dravidian likeness <br />
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<em><span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 36pt;"><strong>Ancient Australians</strong></span></em></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 16pt;">Part Two: </span></div>
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Untouchables_of_Malabar_Kerala_Dravidian_Australoid.png"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a><br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 16pt;">by</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 16pt;">Damien F. Mackey</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">“I sat and watched Ten Canoes the other day [Australian aboriginals]. </span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The language in it sounded like Tamil”.</span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://campaignprojects.wordpress.com/author/soumitri/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Soumitri Varadarajan</span></a></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dr. John Osgood wrote on ancient India in </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">“A Better Model for the Stone Age. Part Two”:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age-part-2"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age-part-2</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">….</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The pre-Harappan cultures of the Indus River system all show evidence of continuity of cultural traits into the Harappan culture. Although there is evidence of destruction in some sites, as the Harappan culture emerges, the continuity is evident. This also leaves open the possibility that we are dealing with a population which is the same genetically from the pre-Harappan to the Harappan phase, an exceedingly strong possibility given the early days of this culture and the geography of the area.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The Harappan civilization had its own script, which first appears during its classical period and therefore a short time after the appearance of other scripts, such as proto-Elamite in the west. In fact, their emergence may have been, and probably was being, invented by the separate peoples simultaneously (see Figure 25).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">This Indus script as been of recent times shown to be, or at least strongly suggested to be, Proto Dravidian; that is the forerunner of the Dravidian scripts of today.</span><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">58</span></sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> It was another centre of the multi- centred redevelopment of writing.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The Indus River civilisation was driven out and conquered by the invading Aryans, southward, and its homeland occupied by Aryran speakers. Likewise in India today the Aryan languages (e.g. Hindi) are mainly in the north and the Dravidian languages (e.g. Tamil) are mostly in the south (see Figure 26). ….</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">To what genetic origin do we owe the Iranian plateau people of these times and the Indus Valley peoples? We must admit that there is at present no certain identification of origin, but the following facts may help:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">They moved eastward probably from the Mesopotamian area.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Iranian Plateau and Indus Valley had a cultural affinity.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Indus Valley people had a separate script from the Elamites and it came into prominence a little later.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Indus people were apparently dark skinned. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">We may provisionally theorise that they were not Shemites - no connection can be made. The skin colour would suggest Hamites, but after that the trail becomes much more speculative. ….</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">[End of quote]</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">An ethnic link can almost certainly be established between the dark-skinned southern Indians and the Australian aborigines, whose cultural type was also found emerging at Göbekli Tepe.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Thus Lulu Morris writes, “</span>Four Thousand Years Ago Indians Landed in Australia”: <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/australia/four-thousand-years-ago-indians-landed-in-"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/australia/four-thousand-years-ago-indians-landed-in-</span></a></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">….</span></span></div>
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Genetic evidence suggests that just over 4 millennia ago a group of Indian travellers landed in Australia and stayed. The evidence emerged a few years ago after a group of Aboriginal men’s Y chromosomes matched with Y chromosomes typically found in Indian men. Up until now, the exact details, though, have been unclear.</div>
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But Irina Pugach from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology may have recently solved the thousand-year-old case. 4,000 years before the First Fleet landed on our fair shores, Indian adventurers had already settled and were accepted into the Indigenous Australian culture.</div>
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By studying the single-nucleotide polymorphisms and their patterns, Dr Pugach revealed a diverse tapestry of ancestry, one different from the lineage of New Guineans or the Philippines. The study found a pattern of SNPs that is only found in Indian genetics, specifically the Dravidian speakers from South India. Dr Pugach’s results were consistent with the Y-chromosome data found years earlier. Using both results she calculated exactly when India arrived in Australia.</div>
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Dr Pugach estimates this to be around 2217 BC. An interesting time for both Australia and India. Indian civilisation was just about formed and Australian culture and wildlife were rearranging.</div>
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The Indus Valley civilisation (India) emerged between 2600 BC and 1900 BC. During this period, Indus Valley managed to develop seaworthy boats, which they used to trade with their neighbours: The Middle East. This new technology was used to get to Australia.</div>
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There is evidence of a shift in technology that coincides with the time Indians were thought to have arrived in Australia. Indigenous Australians switched their palaeolithic crude, stone tools, for neolithic refined tools. Again around about the time India washed up in Australia, the way food was collected and cooked changed, particularly the preparation of the cycad nut. An important source of food for early Australians, the cycad nut is quite toxic until the toxins are drawn out. The indigenous method always involved roasting the nut, but by 2000 BC Indigenous Australians were removing the toxins via water and fermentation. Similarly, the nut, which is found in Kerala in Southern India is commonly dried or roasted. The last rather important piece of evidence that suggests Indian settled in Australia is our beloved dingo.</div>
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The dingo has always been an enigma. No one really knows how or why it ended up in Australia. We know it probably exterminated the Tasmanian Tiger on Mainland Australia (apart from the dingo-free island known as Tasmania) and we know it didn’t originate here. The dingo has a striking resemblance to wild dogs found in India and so may have travelled with the first Indian settlers to our Island. However, there are similar looking dogs found in New Guinea and South East Asia.</div>
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Whatever the case, modern genetics has highlighted a part of Indigenous Ancestry previously lost to the world.</div>
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Makes you think what else we’ll find.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: #2e74b5; font-family: "calibri light"; font-size: medium;">Tamil and Australian aboriginal languages</span></span></b></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Posted by </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://campaignprojects.wordpress.com/author/soumitri/"><span style="color: #ff7200;">Soumitri Varadarajan</span></a></span></span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" role="img" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><defs><path d="M 0 0 h 24 v 24 H 0 V 0 Z" id="a"></path></defs><clippath id="b"><use overflow="visible" xlink:href="#a" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"></use></clippath><path clip-path="url("#b")" d="M 12 2 C 6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12 s 4.5 10 10 10 s 10 -4.5 10 -10 S 17.5 2 12 2 Z m 4.2 14.2 L 11 13 V 7 h 1.5 v 5.2 l 4.5 2.7 l -0.8 1.3 Z"></path></svg><a href="https://campaignprojects.wordpress.com/2009/10/13/tamil-and-australian-aboriginal-languages/"><span style="color: #ff7200;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><time datetime="2009-10-13T07:16:08+10:00">October 13, 2009</time><time datetime="2009-10-13T07:28:35+10:00"></time></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;">I sat and watched Ten Canoes the other day. The language in it sounded like Tamil. Which was a surprise. Just like years ago I realised that Japanese and Tamil words were interchangeable in a sentence. So I went looking for research where others may have found this too. I came across this:</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Perhaps most similar to Australian languages are the Dravidian languages of southern India. Tamil, for example, has five places of articulation in a single series of stops, paralleled by a series of nasals, and no fricatives (thus approaching the Australian proportion of sonorants to obstruents of 70% to 30%). Approaching the question from the opposite direction: according to the latest WHO data on the prevalence of chronic otitis media (Acuin 2004:14ff), Aboriginal Australians have the highest prevalence in the world – 10-54%, according to Coates & al (2002), up to 36% with perforations of the eardrum. They are followed – at some distance – by the Tamil of southern India (7.8%, down from previous estimates of 16-34%), … (from <a href="http://www.flinders.edu.au/speechpath/Manly%20final.pdf"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"><span style="color: #ff7200;">http://www.flinders.edu.au/speechpath/Manly%20final.pdf</span></span></a>)</span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Then I started to look at other linking the tamil and the Aboriginal. And here I encountered a lot of material. I big proportio of this has to be discounted as it is typically in the vein of the Indian or Tamil suprematist. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Quickly – that vein is one that claims that Tamil is the original language – and the class of languages called Dravidian ( an unfortunate appellation?) is huge and spread all over the world. Some claim the flaw in this na,ing has given rise to the feeling that Tamil ( as dravidian) is the original language. Still now we can start to read about DNA evidence. See this:</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: black;">Dr Rao and his colleagues sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of 966 people from traditional tribes in India. They reported several of the Indian people studied had two regions of their mitochondrial DNA that were identical to those found in modern day Australian Aboriginal people. (</span><a href="http://s1.zetaboards.com/anthroscape/topic/2011921/1/"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"><span style="color: black;">http://s1.zetaboards.com/anthroscape/topic/2011921/1/</span></span></a><span style="color: black;">)</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: black;">Also – </span><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/173/abstract/"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"><span style="color: black;">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/173/abstract/</span></span></a></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: black;">Then there is the Human Genome Project and here is what that has to say:</span></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: black;">During his own journey in pursuit of the Y chromosome story in the late 1990s, Wells took blood samples from males of Dravidian ancestry in southern India. The Dravidians were among India’s earliest colonists; they now live among the descendants of a later wave of Sanskrit speakers — like Latin and ancient Greek, Sanskrit is an a branch of the Indo-European ‘mother tongue’, more closely related to modern English and French than to Dravidian.</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: black;">Wells was looking for a genetic marker called M130, the most ancient, non-African, Y-chromosome marker. It is rare in Dravidians, but quite common in Australian Aboriginal males — and, intriguingly, in the Na Dene peoples of the Pacific north-west of North America.</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: black;">The Na Dene peoples are descended from a second, later wave of immigrants into North America, who were ultimately of Sino-Tibetan stock — M130 is both the oldest non-African Y-chromosome marker, and the most travelled.</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: black;">Wells’ suspicion that M130 might have survived, at very low frequency, in southern coastal regions of India, was proven correct</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN" style="color: #ffe599; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: black;">The first African emigres left a durable calling card on the coastal migratory route between Africa and Australia.</span></span></i></div>
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AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-62232017686853102232019-12-16T16:12:00.002-08:002019-12-16T16:12:27.671-08:00Sodom and the destructive “chasm” of era of Boethos <div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 28pt;"><img alt="God destroyed Sodom with brimstone and fire" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-20693 aligncenter" data-attachment-id="20693" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="God destroyed Sodom with brimstone and fire" data-large-file="https://www.hearthymn.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/God-destroyed-Sodom-with-brimstone-and-fire.jpg" data-medium-file="https://www.hearthymn.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/God-destroyed-Sodom-with-brimstone-and-fire.jpg" data-orig-file="https://www.hearthymn.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/God-destroyed-Sodom-with-brimstone-and-fire.jpg" data-orig-size="600,337" data-permalink="https://www.hearthymn.com/the-destruction-of-sodom-gods-warning-in-the-last-days.html/god-destroyed-sodom-with-brimstone-and-fire" height="337" scale="0" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" src="https://www.hearthymn.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/God-destroyed-Sodom-with-brimstone-and-fire.jpg" srcset="https://www.hearthymn.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/God-destroyed-Sodom-with-brimstone-and-fire.jpg 600w, https://www.hearthymn.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/God-destroyed-Sodom-with-brimstone-and-fire-500x281.jpg 500w, https://www.hearthymn.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/God-destroyed-Sodom-with-brimstone-and-fire-480x270.jpg 480w, https://www.hearthymn.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/God-destroyed-Sodom-with-brimstone-and-fire-380x214.jpg 380w, https://www.hearthymn.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/God-destroyed-Sodom-with-brimstone-and-fire-250x140.jpg 250w" width="600" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 16pt;">by</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 16pt;">Damien F. Mackey</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Manetho states that during the 38 years reign of Boethos (or Bochos) </span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">a “chasm” opened at Bubastis and many people died.</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">This present article has been lifted from Volume Seven (“Sodom to Saqqara”) of my book, “</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">From Genesis to Hernán Cortés”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The combined lives of (Abram) Abraham and Isaac may have enabled us to put together a long-reigning first ruler of Egypt and southern (Philistine) Canaan, Menes Hor-Aha (‘Min’), or, in Hebrew terms, “Abimelech”, whose name, I thought, had some resonance with the Egyptian name Raneb of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Second Dynasty.</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">And from the name Raneb I conjectured a possible connection with the celebrated, but obscure, Old Kingdom ruler, Nebka, who, in turn, could be the Nebkaure (Nebkare), said by Pliny to have been the ruler at the time of Abraham.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">This was pointed out by David Rohl, who had proceeded from there to identify that Nebkaure with Khety IV of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tenth Dynasty. </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">These combinations, which I would accept as a working hypothesis, would (if correct) enable for a synthesising of the Old Kingdom (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">First</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Second</i> dynasties) with the ‘Middle’ Kingdom (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tenth Dynasty</i>), in accordance with Dr. Donovan Courville’s suggestion that the Old and Middle were by no means vastly separated in time the one from the other, but were to some degree concurrent.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">One also reads at: <span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)</span></a> </span>that a scholar has identified Raneb, in turn, with Weneg, and, further, that N. Grimal and others think that </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Weneg corresponds to Hor-Sekhemib-Perenmaat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Such a series of identifications would minimise the number of rulers in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Second Dynasty.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The first listed ruler of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Second Dynasty</i> is given as </span><a href="http://www.phouka.com/pharaoh/pharaoh/dynasties/dyn02/01hetesekhemwy.html"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #f48d1d;">Hetepsekhemwy</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">, whom Manetho calls “Boethos”. His position at the beginning of the dynasty might necessitate an identification of him with the very first ruler of Egypt, the one known to Abraham and Isaac.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">While that may be an extremely tenuous connection, I notice that David O’Connor (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Leaving No Stones Unturned: Essays on the Ancient Near East and Egypt ….</i>), has embraced an identification of </span><a href="http://www.phouka.com/pharaoh/pharaoh/dynasties/dyn02/01hetesekhemwy.html"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #f48d1d;">Hetepsekhemwy</span></span></a><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"> with Raneb (p. 170): “The earlier rulers </span></u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">of </span><em><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Dynasty II</span></em><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> (perhaps as many as six individuals) were </span><em><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">probably all buried at Saqqara,</span></em><strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><em> </em></span></strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">where </span><em><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">so far only two</span></em><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> of the<wbr></wbr> </span><em><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">actual tombs have been located</span></em><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">, one for king Hotepsekhemwy or Raneb, the other for king Ninetjer”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Second Dynasty </i>was unlikely composed of “as many as six individuals”, far fewer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">And I likewise would suggest that the conventional nine or so rulers of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">First Dynasty</i> might be similarly in need of a reduction.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.phouka.com/pharaoh/pharaoh/dynasties/dyn02/01hetesekhemwy.html"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #f48d1d;">Hetepsekhemwy</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><u> (or </u></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hotepsekhemwy) is so poorly known for a ruler of anything from 38 (Manetho) to 95 (Turin canon) years that he needs one, or more, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">alter egos.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">That is apparent from the following: </span><a href="https://www.crystalinks.com/dynasty2.html"><span style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">https://www.crystalinks.com/dynasty2.html</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Little is known about Hotepsekhemwy's reign. Contemporary sources show that he may have gained the throne after a period of political strife, including ephemeral rulers such as Horus "Bird" and Sneferka (the latter is also thought to be an alternate name used by king Qaa for a short time). As evidence of this, Egyptologists Wolfgang Helck, Dietrich Wildung and George Reisner point to the tomb of king Qaa, which was plundered at the end of 1st dynasty and was restored during the reign of Hotepsekhemwy. The plundering of the cemetery and the unusually conciliatory meaning of the name Hotepsekhemwy may be clues of a dynastic struggle. Additionally, Helck assumes that the kings Sneferka and Horus "Bird" were omitted from later king lists because their struggles for the Egyptian throne were factors in the collapse of the first dynasty. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Seal impressions provide evidence of a new royal residence called "Horus the shining star" that was constructed by Hotepsekhemwy. He also built a temple near Buto for the little-known deity Netjer-Achty and founded the "Chapel of the White Crown". The white crown is a symbol of Upper Egypt. This is thought to be another clue to the origin of Hotepsekhemwy's dynasty, indicating a likely source of political power. Egyptologists such as Nabil Swelim point out that there is no inscription from Hotepsekhemwy's reign mentioning a Sed festival, indicating the ruler cannot have ruled longer than 30 years (the Sed festival was celebrated as the anniversary marking a reign of 30 years). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The ancient Greek Manetho called Hotepsekhemwy Boethos (apparently altered from the name Bedjau) and reported that during this ruler's reign "a chasm opened near Bubastis and many perished". Although Manetho wrote in the 3rd century BC - over two millennia after the king's actual reign - some Egyptologists think it possible that this anecdote may have been based on fact, since the region near Bubastis is known to be seismically active. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The location of Hotepsekhemwy's tomb is unknown. Egyptologists such as Flinders Petrie, Alessandre Barsanti and Toby Wilkinson believe it could be the giant underground Gallery Tomb B beneath the funeral passage of the Unas-necropolis at Sakkara. Many seal impressions of king Hotepsekhemwy have been found in these galleries. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Egyptologists such as Wolfgang Helck and Peter Munro are not convinced and think that Gallery Tomb B is instead the burial site of king Raneb, as several seal impressions of this ruler were also found there. ….</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Most important for our study here, about great geophysical rifts appearing in the region, is that piece of evidence from Manetho about the “chasm” during the reign of “Boethos”.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">If, as I am tentatively suggesting, “Boethos” had been a contemporary of Abraham and Isaac, then one might expect that the “chasm” that killed many people had to do with the destruction witnessed by Abram (Genesis 19:24-28):</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Then the <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lord</span> rained down burning sulfur on Sodom and Gomorrah—from the <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lord</span> out of the heavens. Thus he overthrew those cities and the entire plain, destroying all those living in the cities—and also the vegetation in the land. But Lot’s wife looked back, and she became a pillar of salt.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Early the next morning Abraham got up and returned to the place where he had stood before the <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lord</span>. He looked down toward Sodom and Gomorrah, toward all the land of the plain, and he saw dense smoke rising from the land, like smoke from a furnace.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">That “chasm” may be a something in the life of the monarch, “Boethos”, that could relate to the catastrophism that caused the extinction of Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah and </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Zeboyim</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">, with “Bela (that is Zoar)” saved for the sake of Lot and his daughters (Genesis 19:20-23). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="https://www.crystalinks.com/dynasty2.html"><span style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">https://www.crystalinks.com/dynasty2.html</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">“The ancient Greek Manetho called Hotepsekhemwy Boethos (apparently altered from the name Bedjau) and reported that during this ruler's reign "a chasm opened near Bubastis and many perished". Although Manetho wrote in the 3rd century BC - over two millennia after the king's actual reign - some Egyptologists think it possible that this anecdote may have been based on fact, since the region near Bubastis is known to be seismically active”.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Manetho, living very long after the “chasmic” event, may have done what Herodotus made bold to do regarding the destruction of Sennacherib’s Assyrian army, which Herodotus transferred geographically from Palestine to the Egyptian Delta, to Pelusium. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">For Manetho will locate the “chasm” of “Boethos” in Bubastis. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Commenting on this, Swiss archaeologist, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Henri </span><em><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Édouard Naville</span></em><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> wrote in an article, “Bubastis” (1891): “</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">We learn from Manetho that under the King Boethos, the first of the second dynasty, a chasm opened itself at Bubastis, which caused the loss of a great many lives. Up to the present day, we have not found in any part of Egypt monuments as old as the second dynasty”. </span></div>
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AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-73637325218328170242019-11-28T16:51:00.003-08:002019-11-28T16:54:57.781-08:00Horrible Histories: Unaccountable Akkadians<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b></b></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 18pt;">by</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 18pt;">Damien F. Mackey</span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;"> </span></i></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;"> </span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;">““Uncertainty in identifying exclusively Akkadian pottery has made
it impossible to reconstruct Akkadian settlement patterns with any confidence”
(Nissen 1993: 100)”.</span></i></div>
<o:p></o:p>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Dr. John Osgood</span></i></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 36pt;"> </span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222a35; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
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Dr. Donovan
Courville would come to the conclusion, in his praiseworthy effort to bring
Egypt and Mesopotamia into line historically and archaeologically with the
biblical data (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Exodus Problem and its Ramifications, </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">1</span>971), that the distinctive Jemdet Nasr (near Kish) period was
archaeological evidence for the Dispersion after Babel. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Vern Crisler
tells of it: <a href="https://vernerable.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/tower-of-babel1.pdf"><span style="color: #1f4e79;">https://vernerable.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/tower-of-babel1.pdf</span></a></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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Courville
was quite confident that the Dispersion from Babel took place in the
archaeological period known as “Jemdet Nasr.” …. The strata of Jemdet Nasr in
Mesopotamia correlate to Early Bronze 1 strata in the Holy Land. It is believed
that this period shows that an “intensive migration” took place from
Mesopotamia into Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Asia Minor and into the Aegean
islands. </div>
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Reference
is made to W. F. Albright who had spoken of this period as a “transitional
period” corresponding to Megiddo 19 and the lowest level of Byblos. …. It is
further noted that this was a “narrow period” in Mesopotamian history, and that
Jemdet Nasr had a “brief existence” and was “short.” …. The Jemdet Nasr period
represents the beginnings of dynastic history, and thus represents a trend
toward nationalism.</div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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Following Dr. Osgood, I shall be suggesting
a different context for the Jemdet Nasr phase, somewhat later than Babel. </div>
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My own view is that the Akkadian dynasty is
represented by the sophisticated Halaf culture, currently dated to
approximately (a massive) four millennia before King Sargon of Akkad (c. <span style="color: windowtext;">2334 -2284 BC, conventional dating).</span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext;">This Sargon I, ‘the Great’, may even be Nimrod himself.
See e.g. my article:</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 14pt;">Nimrod
a “mighty man”</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.academia.edu/39638349/Nimrod_a_mighty_man_"><span style="color: #0563c1;">https://www.academia.edu/39638349/Nimrod_a_mighty_man_</span></a></div>
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As we are now going to find, the
conventional picture regarding the archaeology for the famous Akkadian and Ur
III dynasties is hopelessly inadequate. Here is what I have written on this:</div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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“Uncertainty in identifying exclusively
Akkadian pottery has made it impossible to reconstruct Akkadian settlement
patterns with any confidence” (Nissen 1993: 100).</div>
<o:p></o:p>
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Most interesting, now, that Anne
Habermehl’s geographical re-location of the Babel incident:</div>
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… finds a most significant and
sophisticated ancient culture to accompany it: namely, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Halaf.</span></div>
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….<o:p></o:p>
The long Akkadian empire phase of history … so admired by subsequent rulers and
generations, is remarkably lacking in archaeological data. I noted this
[before] ….</div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">“The Akkadian kings
were extensive builders, so why, then, so few traces of their work? </span></i></div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Not to mention, where
is their capital city of Akkad? </span></i></div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">The Ur III founder,
Ur-Nammu, built a wall at Ur. Not a trace remains”.</span></i></div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
….
here I want to highlight the enormity of the problem. </div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
Archaeologists
have actually failed to identify a specific pottery for the Akkadian era!</div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
This
is, of course, quite understandable given that they (indeed, we) have been
expecting to discover the heart of the Akkadian kingdom in Sumer, or Lower
Mesopotamia. </div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
We
read of this incredible situation of a missing culture in the following account
by Dr. R. Matthews, from his book, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Archaeology of
Mesopotamia: Theories and Approaches </i>(<a href="https://books.google.com.au/books?id=9ZrjLyrPipsC&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&dq=uncert"><span style="color: #0563c1;">https://books.google.com.au/books?id=9ZrjLyrPipsC&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&dq=uncer</span></a>):</div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
The problems of fitting material cultural
assemblages, especially pottery, into historical sequences are epitomised in
the ongoing debate over what, if anything, characterises Akkadian material
culture in Lower Mesopotamia (Gibson and McMahon 1995; Nissen 1993; J. G.
Westenholz 1998). </div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
Uncertainty in identifying exclusively
Akkadian pottery has made it impossible to reconstruct Akkadian settlement
patterns with any confidence (Nissen 1993: 100). The bleakest view has been put
thus: ‘If we didn’t know from the texts that the Akkad empire really existed,
we would not be able to postulate it from the changes in settlement patterns,
nor … from the evolution of material culture’ (Liverani 1993: 7-8). The
inference is either that we are failing to isolate and identify the specifics
of Akkadian material culture, or that a political entity apparently so large
and sophisticated as the Akkadian empire can rise and pass without making a
notable impact on settlement patterns or any aspect of material culture”. </div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
Obviously,
that “a political entity apparently so large and sophisticated as the Akkadian
empire can rise and pass without making a notable impact on … any aspect of
material culture” is quite absurd. The truth of the matter is that a whole
imperial culture has been almost totally lost because - just as in the case of
so much Egyptian culture, and in its relation to the Bible - historians and
archaeologists are forever looking in the wrong geographical place at the wrong
chronological time.</div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
It
is my view that, regarding the Akkadian empire (and following Habermehl), one
needs to look substantially towards Syria and the Mosul region, rather than to
“Lower Mesopotamia”. And that one needs to fuse the Halaf culture with the
Akkadian one. The most important contribution by Anne Habermehl has opened up a
completely new vista for the central Akkadian empire, and for the biblical
events associated with it. The potentate Nimrod, one might now expect, had
begun his empire building, not in Sumer, but in the Sinjar region, and had then
moved on to northern Assyria. Thus Genesis 10:10-11: “The beginning of
[Nimrod’s] kingdom was Babel and Erech and Accad and Calneh, in the land of
Shinar. From that land he went forth into Assyria, where he built Nineveh,
Rehoboth-Ir, Calah and Resen, which is between Nineveh and Calah—which is the
great city”.</div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
And
these are precisely the regions where we find that the spectacular Halaf
culture arose and chiefly developed: NE Syria and the Mosul region of Assyria. </div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
Understandably
once again, in a conventional context, with the Halaf cultural phase dated to
c. 6100-5100 BC, there can be no question of meeting these dates with the
Akkadian empire of the late C3rd millennium BC. That is where Dr. Osgood’s “A
Better Model for the Stone Age” (<a href="http://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age"><span style="color: #1f4e79;">http://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age</span></a><span style="color: #1f4e79;">) </span>becomes so vital, with its revising of
Halaf down to the Late Chalcolithic period in Palestine, to the time of Abram
(Abraham): </div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
…. In 1982, under the title 'A Four-Stage
Sequence for the Levantine Neolithic', Andrew M.T. Moore presented evidence to
show that the fourth stage of the Syrian Neolithic was in fact usurped by the
Halaf Chalcolithic culture of Northern Mesopotamia, and that this particular
Chalcolithic culture was contemporary with the Neolithic IV of Palestine and
Lebanon.<a href="http://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age#ref5"><sup><span style="color: #0563c1;">5:25</span></sup></a> ....</div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
….</div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
This was very significant, especially as
the phase of Halaf culture so embodied was a late phase of the Halaf
Chalcolithic culture of Mesopotamia, implying some degree of contemporaneity of
the earlier part of Chalcolithic Mesopotamia with the early part of the
Neolithic of Palestine, Lebanon and Syria ….</div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
This finding was not a theory but a fact,
slowly and very cautiously realized, but devastating in its effect upon the
presently held developmental history of the ancient world. This being the case,
and bearing in mind the impossibility of absolute dating by any scientific
means despite the claims to the contrary, the door is opened very wide for the
possible acceptance of the complete contemporaneity of the whole of the
Chalcolithic of Mesopotamia with the whole of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic of
Palestine. (The last period of the Chalcolithic of Palestine is seen to be
contemporary with the last Chalcolithic period of Mesopotamia.)</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
Dr.
Osgood himself, however, regards the Halaf people as the biblical “Aramites”
[Aramaeans]. (“A Better Model for the Stone Age Part Two”: <a href="http://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age-part-2"><span style="color: #1f4e79;">http://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age-part-2</span></a>).</div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
Since
the Aramaeans, though, tended to be a wandering nomadic people (Deuteronomy
26:5), I would not expect their existence to be reflected in a culture as
sophisticated as Halaf. Though they themselves may have absorbed some of it. My
preference, therefore, is for Halaf to represent the Akkadians, especially as
Halaf was the dominant culture when Osgood’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jemdat Nasr
pertaining to the Elamite Chedorlaomer,</i> arose. </div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
This
is how Dr. Osgood sees the spread of the Halaf culture: </div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
Now
if we date Babel to approximately 2,200 B.C. (as reasoned by implication from
Noah's Flood <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ftnref3"></a><a href="http://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age-part-2#ref3"><sup><span style="color: #0563c1;">3</span></sup></a>)
and if Abraham came from Mesopotamia (the region of Aram) approximately 1875
B.C., then we would expect that there is archaeological evidence that a people
who can fit the description generally of the Aramites should be found well
established in this area .... What in fact do we find? Taking the former
supposition of the Jemdat Nasr culture being identified with the biblical story
of Genesis 14 and the Elamite Chedarloamer,<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ftnref4"></a><a href="http://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age-part-2#ref4"><sup><span style="color: #0563c1;">4</span></sup></a>
we would expect to find some evidence in Aram or northern Mesopotamia of Jemdat
Nasr influence, but this would only be the latest of cultural influences in
this region superseding and dominant on other cultures.</div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
The dominant culture that had been in this
area prior to the Jemdat Nasr period was a culture that is known to the
archaeologist as the Halaf culture, named after Tell Halaf where it was first
identified. One of the best summaries of our present knowledge of the Halafian
culture is found in the publication, 'The Hilly Flanks'<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ftnref5"></a><a href="http://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age-part-2#ref5"><sup><span style="color: #0563c1;">5</span></sup></a>.
It seems clear from the present state of knowledge that the Halaf culture was a
fairly extensive culture, but it was mostly dominant in the area that we
recognise as Aram Naharaim.</div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
It is found in the following regions.
First, its main base in earliest distribution seems to have been the <b>Mosul
region</b>. From there it later spread to the <b>Sinjar region</b> to the west,
further westward in the <b>Khabur head-waters</b>, further west again to the <b>Balikh
River system</b>, and then into the middle Euphrates valley. It also spread a
little north of these areas. It influenced areas west of the Middle Euphrates
valley and a few sites east of the Tigris River, but as a general statement, in
its fully spread condition, the Halaf culture dominated Aram Naharaim ….</div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
The site of Arpachiyah just west of Nineveh
across the Tigris River appears to have been the longest occupied site and
perhaps the original settlement of the Halaf people. This and Tepe Gawra were
important early Halaf towns.</div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
The settlement of the Halaf people at these
cities continued for some considerable time, finally to be replaced by the Al
Ubaid people from southern Mesopotamia. When Mallowan excavated the site of <b>Tell
Arpachiyah</b>, he found that the top five levels belonged to the Al Ubaid
period. The fifth level down had some admixture of Halaf material within it. He
says:</div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 40.2pt 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
‘The more spacious rooms of T.T.5 indicate
that it is the work of Tell Halaf builders; that the two stocks did not live
together in harmony is shown by the complete change of material in T.T.l-4,
where all traces of the older elements had vanished. Nor did any of the burials
suggest an overlap between graves of the A 'Ubaid and Tell Halaf period; on the
contrary, there was evidence that in the Al 'Ubaid cemetery grave- diggers of
the Al 'Ubaid period had deliberately destroyed Tell Halaf house remains.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ftnref6"></a><a href="http://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age-part-2#ref6"><sup><span style="color: #0563c1;">6</span></sup></a></div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
He further comments the following:</div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 40.2pt 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
‘It is more than probable that the Tell
Halaf peoples abandoned the site on the arrival of the newcomers from
Babylonia; and with the disappearance of the old element prosperity the site
rapidly declined; for, although the newcomers were apparently strong enough to
eject the older inhabitants, yet they appear to have been a poor community,
already degenerate; their houses were poorly built and meanly planned, their
streets no longer cobbled as in the Tell Halaf period and the general
appearance of their settlement dirty and poverty stricken in comparison with
the cleaner buildings of the healthier northern peoples who were their
predecessors.’<a href="http://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age-part-2#ref7"><sup><span style="color: #0563c1;">7</span></sup></a></div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
He further says:</div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 40.2pt 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
‘The invaders had evidently made a
wholesale destruction of all standing buildings converted some of them into a
cemetery.’<a href="http://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age-part-2#ref8"><sup><span style="color: #0563c1;">8</span></sup></a></div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
It is clear from the discussion of Patty Jo
Watson<a href="http://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age-part-2#ref9"><sup><span style="color: #0563c1;">9</span></sup></a> that the later periods of the Halaf people were found in the
other regions, particularly in a westward direction across the whole area of
Aram Naharaim, namely the Sinjar region, the Khabur head-waters, the Balikh
River system and the middle Euphrates”. </div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<br />
<div align="right" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: right;">
[End of Osgood’s article]</div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
Dr. Osgood had estimated the Halaf culture
as having spread from east (Assyria) to the west: “First, its main base in
earliest distribution seems to have been the <b>Mosul region</b>. From there it
later spread to the <b>Sinjar region</b> to the west, further westward in the <b>Khabur
head-waters</b>, further west again to the <b>Balikh River system </b>…”. Most
likely, it was the other way around, with Nimrod (= Sargon of Akkad/Halaf
culture) firstly having established his kingdom in the “Sinjar region”, biblical
“Shinar” (Genesis 10:10): “The first centers of his kingdom were Babylon, Uruk,
Akkad and Kalneh, in Shinar.<sup> </sup>From that land he went to Assyria,
where he built Nineveh, Rehoboth Ir, Calah and Resen, which is between Nineveh
and Calah—which is the great city”. </div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
Andrew Moore had, as we read before, argued
for a contemporaneity of the Chacolithic phase of Halaf culture with the
Neolithic IV of Palestine and Lebanon ….</div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
Archaeologically, we are now on the eve of
the city building phase (inspired by Nimrod?) that will be a feature of
Syro-Palestine’s Early Bronze Age. Presumably the Canaanites were heavily
involved in all of this work (Genesis 10:18): “… the Canaanite clans scattered
and the borders of Canaan reached from Sidon toward Gerar as far as Gaza, and
then toward Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboyim, as far as Lasha”.</div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
Ham himself, though, son of Noah and father
of Canaan, gave his name to the land of Egypt (e.g., Psalm 78:51): “He struck
down all the firstborn of Egypt, the firstfruits of manhood in the tents of
Ham” (<a href="http://www.topix.com/forum/afam/T2OTBS4EEA84MJ67P/p2"><span style="color: #1f4e79;">http://www.topix.com/forum/afam/T2OTBS4EEA84MJ67P/p2</span></a><span style="color: #1f4e79;">):</span></div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
“According to the Bible the ancient
Egyptians were descended from Ham through the line of Mizraim. Ham had four
sons: Cush, Mizraim, Phut, and Canaan (Genesis 10:6). The name
"Mizraim" is the original name given for Egypt in the Hebrew Old
Testament. Many Bibles will have a footnote next to the name
"Mizraim" explaining that it means "Egypt." The name
"Egypt" itself actually comes to us from the Greeks who gave the Land
that name (i.e. "Aegyptos" from the Greek). In addition to the name
"Mizraim," the ancient Egyptians also referred to their land as
"Kemet" which means "Land of the Blacks." Western
historians, however, say that the word "Kemet" refers to the color of
the soil of the land rather than its people. But, the word "Kemet" is
actually an ethnic term being a derivative of the word "Khem" (Cham
or Ham) which means "burnt" or "black." Ham, who was one of
the three sons of Noah and the direct ancestor of the Egyptians, was black”.</div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
Similarly, Ham’s son, Cush (Genesis 10:6),
is considered to be the father of the Cushite Ethiopians, who were (are) black.</div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
Ham’s brother, Japheth, became the
god-Father of the Indo-European peoples such as the Greeks, who would identify
him as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Iapetos, </i>the
Titan, and the Indians, who called him <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Prajapti,</i> “Father
Japheth”.</div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
Regarding Shem, I follow the Jewish
tradition that Shem was the great Melchizedek - which view is chronologically
acceptable. Genesis 10:10-11: “Two years after the flood, when Shem was 100
years old, he became the father of Arphaxad. And after he became the father of
Arphaxad, Shem lived 500 years [long enough to have been able to meet Abram]
and had other sons and daughters”.</div>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shem" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a><br /></div>
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AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-60076335196058168562019-11-05T14:23:00.000-08:002019-11-05T14:23:04.121-08:00Père M-J. Lagrange’s exegetical blancmange <br />
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 18pt;">by</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 18pt;">Damien F. Mackey</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU">“To take the Genesis account as historical information … its value is </span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU">simply nil in informing us about what happened “in the night of times”.”</span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU">M. Lagrange</span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Dr. Dominque Tassot, writing an article, “The Influence of Geology on Catholic Exegesis”, for the Kolbe Center for the Study of Creation, tells us something about the opinions of M. Lagrange:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://kolbecenter.org/the-influence-of-geology-on-catholic-exegesis/"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">http://kolbecenter.org/the-influence-of-geology-on-catholic-exegesis/</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "droid sans" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">…. On June 30, 1909, the Pontifical Biblical Commission granted liberty to Catholic exegetes to consider the word “yom” either in its proper meaning or in a broader meaning (<em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sensu improprio</span></i></em>) of indeterminate duration (<em><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">DS</span><strong> </strong></em>2128). In 1896, Fr Lagrange (who had founded Jerusalem’s Biblical College in 1893) rejected “concordism,” considering that the hexameron days and geological periods did not correspond. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "droid sans" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The shaping of the Earth went on a long time after the appearance of life; plants and animals developed in parallel. But remains established the fact that the Earth took a considerable time to form. We renounced <strong><span style="font-family: "droid sans" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">forever</span></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>the historic precise duration of six 24 hours days.<sup><span style="font-size: xx-small;">7</span></sup></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-AU">My comment</span></u><span lang="EN-AU">: The ‘Six Days’ of Genesis One, real 24-hour days, have nothing whatsoever to do with the duration of God’s work of creation, and it is futile to attempt to make them fit so-called scientific views about origins, such as the ‘Big Bang’, or an evolutionary-based geology:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt;">What exactly is Creation Science? Part One: Our Western obsession with 'Science'</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/35676906/What_exactly_is_Creation_Science_Part_One_Our_Western_obsession_with_Science"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/35676906/What_exactly_is_Creation_Science_Part_One_Our_Western_obsession_with_Science</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Some have observed that the ‘Six Days’ (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hexaëmeron</i>) may be a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">revelation </i>of a creation already effected. Dr. Tassot continues:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "droid sans" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The further influence of Lagrange on Catholic exegesis is indisputable: he devised the three main ways to render the presence of scientific errors in the Bible acceptable. These were set out in five lectures given at the Catholic Institute of Toulouse a century ago, in November 1902, later published under the title <em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The Historical Method</span></i></em>. I will not dispute Lagrange’s dedication to the Church and the Bible. But we will touch here upon the direct influence of geology on the exegesis of the 20<sup><span style="font-size: xx-small;">th</span></sup> century through Lagrange’s ideas.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "droid sans" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">When a schoolboy, Lagrange used to wander with his uncle, a geologist, in the foothills of the Alps, where he lived. Maybe this explains how readily and completely he accepted the long ages, not only for the earth but also for the history of Man. He wrote in the <em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Biblical Review</span></i></em>, which he founded:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "droid sans" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Mankind is older than one believed when piously collecting the wrecks of remembrances assumed to be primitive. (…) Humanly speaking, oral transmission from the beginning of the world is supremely unbelievable. (…) To take the Genesis account as historical information, … its value is simply nil in informing us about what happened “in the night of times.”</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "droid sans" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">So Lagrange invented a new and paradoxical concept: “<strong><i><span style="font-family: "droid sans" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Legendary</span></i></strong><em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></i></em><strong><i><span style="font-family: "droid sans" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">primitive</span></i></strong><strong><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "droid sans" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span></i></strong><em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">history.</span></i></em>” The Fall, the Curse, the Flood are neither true history nor simple myth. Genesis gives an account based on a “generating fact” but inevitably distorted and downgraded by the transmission through thousands of generations. Another such concept is that of “<em><span style="font-weight: normal;">historical appearances.</span></em>” Here Lagrange tried to transpose to history what Leo XIII<sup><span style="font-size: xx-small;">th</span></sup> said in <em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Providentissimus</span></i></em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b><em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Deus </span></i></em>about astronomy (the Galileo affair!), that the Bible speaks “according to appearances.”</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "droid sans" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">From a Thomistic perspective, our senses give a true path to knowledge. But in the Kantian perspective of that time, “appearance” meant the opposite of reality. In 1919, Lagrange abandoned his theory of “historical appearances,” but the idea remained that the Bible had to be confined to the sphere of religion, and this was indeed the most secure way to prevent any conflict with science.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "droid sans" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The third method proposed by Lagrange to explain supposed natural science errors in the Bible was the theory of “<em><span style="font-weight: normal;">literary genres.</span></em>” The idea underlying this explanation was that one does not deceive when simply asserting the false, but only when teaching it:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "droid sans" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">All that the sacred writers teach, God also teaches and this is true. But what do the sacred writers really teach? What they affirm categorically. But—it has been said for a long time—the Bible is not a collection of categorical theses or affirmations. There are such literary genres where nothing is taught concerning the reality of the facts. They only serve as basis for a moral teaching.”<sup><span style="font-size: xx-small;">8</span></sup> [And further:] “It is impossible that God teaches errors. Of course [there are places in] the Bible, where everybody is speaking errors; but it is impossible that an intelligent examination of the Bible compels us to conclude that God taught errors.”<sup><span style="font-size: xx-small;">9</span></sup></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "droid sans" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">It is obvious that an intelligent use of these three methods is sufficient to get rid of any difficult passage of the Bible. But the authority of the Sacred Writings disappears at the same time, divine inspiration and inerrancy being inseparable!</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "droid sans" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">[End of quotes]</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">We could term this method of exegesis as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">emptying the Bible of all of its meaning. </i></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Père Marie-Joseph Lagrange<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>(</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">1855-1938) was a Dominican (OP) priest and t</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">he Dominicans figure rather prominently in my life inasmuch as OP priests celebrate Masses at the University of Sydney (St. John Paul II) chapel and at Notre Dame University (St. Benedict’s), at both of which places I attend several times a week.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">The day that a well-informed friend of mine queried, in an e-mail, the strange biblical views that have emanated from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">École Biblique </i>which père Lagrange himself founded in Jerusalem, I happened to attend a Mass at the University of Sydney chapel celebrated by a learned Dominican priest. I thought that I must tell him about the concerned e-mail letter that I had just received, I being particularly interested to get his (Dominican) reaction.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">He is a scholar, basically a theologian, who seems to flit effortlessly around Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and French for starters. It soon became clear to me, though, that the Scriptures were essentially, for him, about theology - fair enough - but that what my colleagues and I would consider to be historical accounts were written late, perhaps beginning “about 900 BC”, and that “Moses and Joshua could not personally have written about contemporary events, nor did they record dates”. He also made the typical comment that the early Scriptures would have been passed on by means of “oral tradition”. Also fair enough, but the written aspect always seems to get downplayed. Whilst some of this was starting to rub with me, especially that Moses and Joshua did not write down the biblical events of the time, I did not feel inclined to become argumentative or contrary with a man who has an easy-going, genial nature.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">But, at the same time, I tried to push home some bullet points, such as:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">God told Moses and Joshua to “write”.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Moses, in Egypt, was already a learned man and a scribe. [Cf. Acts 7:22]</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">“Yes”, he replied, “but he did not write in Hebrew, but in Egyptian”. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Some of what the priest said here is, I believe, just plain wrong, and smacks of what I find that père Lagrange had written decades earlier. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU">Deferring to the Numbers (Chronology) Men</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Whilst I (and apparently Monty Python) find accountancy, numbers, to be utterly BORING:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Counsellor: </span><b><span style="color: #008800; font-family: "comic sans ms"; font-size: 10pt;">(John Cleese)</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Ah Mr Anchovy. Do sit down. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Anchovy: </span><b><span style="color: #008800; font-family: "comic sans ms"; font-size: 10pt;">(Michael Palin)</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Thank you. Take the weight off the feet, eh? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Counsellor: Yes, yes. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Anchovy: Lovely weather for the time of year, I must say. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Counsellor: Enough of this gay banter. And now Mr Anchovy, you asked us to advise you which job in life you were best suited for. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Anchovy: That is correct, yes. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Counsellor: Well I now have the results here of the interviews and the aptitude tests that you took last week, and from them we've built up a pretty clear picture of the sort of person that you are. And I think I can say, without fear of contradiction, that the ideal job for you is chartered accountancy. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Anchovy: But I am a chartered accountant. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Counsellor: Jolly good. Well back to the office with you then. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Anchovy: No! No! No! You don't understand. I've been a chartered accountant for the last twenty years. I want a new job. Something exciting that will let me live. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Counsellor: Well chartered accountancy is rather exciting isn't it? </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Anchovy: Exciting? No it's not. It's dull. Dull. Dull. My God it's dull, it's so desperately dull and tedious and stuffy and boring and des-per-ate-ly DULL. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>….</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">numbers appear to be greatly revered in modern times. Numbers seem to have replaced ideas.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">It probably has something to do with the power that measuring offers, and, even, of man’s seeking to be ‘the measure of all things’. See e.g. my article:</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt;">The Futile Aspiration to Make ‘Man the Measure of All Things’</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/8494268/The_Futile_Aspiration_to_Make_Man_the_Measure_of_All_Things_"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/8494268/The_Futile_Aspiration_to_Make_Man_the_Measure_of_All_Things_</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Mathematics makes a wonderful servant, but it can be a very cruel taskmaster.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Chronologists are the powerful numbers men of (ancient) history.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">In Egyptology, historians and archaeologists deferred to the ‘superior wisdom’ of the numbers man, Berlin School chronologist, Eduard Meyer (c. 1906), and allowed him to create a chronology of dynastic Egypt that has little bearing on reality. See e.g. my:</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.academia.edu/3665220/The_Fall_of_the_Sothic_Theory_Egyptian_Chronology_Revisited" target="_blank"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #f48d1d;">The Fall of the Sothic Theory: Egyptian Chronology Revisited</span></span></b></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/3665220/The_Fall_of_the_Sothic_Theory_Egyptian_Chronology_Revisited"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/3665220/The_Fall_of_the_Sothic_Theory_Egyptian_Chronology_Revisited</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Was Meyer, the numbers man, dull? </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "var(--serif)" , serif;">“The late great Classical scholar Werner Jaeger once said that the only time the lectures of the immortal Eduard Meyer were really interesting and the only time he was ever able to fill his lecture hall at the University of Berlin was when he talked about the Mormons”.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "var(--serif)" , serif;">Enough said!</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Meyer’s artificial dating of the Egyptian dynasties did not fit the shorter histories of, say, the Greeks and the Hittites. So, to save the situation, a massive slice of ‘Dark Ages’ (1200-700 BC) had to be inserted into these histories in order to ‘make’ them align with Egypt.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">These ‘Dark Ages’ did not occur in real history, and their insertion has caused a disruption to the proper sequence of Greek and Hittite history. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Henk Spaan tells briefly what happened and how Dr. I. Velikovsky had identified the problem: <a href="http://www.henkspaan2.nl/velikovsky/15darkages.php"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">http://www.henkspaan2.nl/velikovsky/15darkages.php</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL;">The history of ancient Greece is usually divided into several periods. The Archaic period is the time of ancient Hellas, that ran until about 1200 BC and ended shortly after the Trojan War. During this period Mycenae was the centre. Then followed a period of decline, the Greek Middle Ages, also called Dark Ages, when the country was invaded by primitive Dorians. The Greek heyday that we call Classical Greece, when Athens was the main centre, lasted from about 700 to 323 BC. Finally there is the Hellenistic period that begins with the conquests of Alexander the Great throughout the Middle East. In the Hellenistic period, Alexandria was the centre and the period lasted until the Roman conquest of Egypt.</span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL;"><br /> The part of Velikovsky's work dealing with "the dark ages of Greece" never appeared in print. Velikovsky worked on it in the last years of his life, but could not finish it. It is published in the Internet archive of his work entitled "The Dark Age of Greece".</span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL;"><br /> The Mycenaean civilization is closely linked to the 18th Dynasty of Egypt. During excavations in Mycenae, many objects from the 18th Dynasty were found and vice versa in Akhet-Aten, the city that Akhnaton had built, much Mycenaean pottery was found. This means that there must have been a period of more than 500 years between Archaic Greece that existed until 1200 BC and Classical Greece that began around 700 BC. This period is called a dark age because we know little or nothing about it and little remains of this period are found. Understanding those 500 years is difficult, because 500 years of human activity, however primitive, must have left traces above the remains of Mycenaean civilization and there must have been rulers, however barbaric, about whom people wrote of with fear or surprise. However, those traces are not there and neither are the stories. Of the Greek Middle Ages we know of no people like Vikings or Charlemagne of AD history.</span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL;"><br /> Yet, if we move the Mycenaean civilization to 500 years later, it will be closer in line with the rise of Classical Greece and we are then more in line with what, for example, Herodotus and other Greek historians thought about their past. Furthermore, many problems become easier. For example, the famous riddle: how could Homer write a detailed report of the Trojan War if the war took place more than 500 years before Homer wrote his work?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Thus, when the likes of W.F. Albright, in close alliance with the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">École Biblique, </i>attempted to date Joshua’s Jericho, the absence of any Mycenaean pottery at the site meant that - at least according to what Eduard Meyer had established chronologically about the Egypt of the same time, that it was to be dated to c. 1400 BC - the Jericho destruction would inevitably have to be shifted back centuries before this time. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">A major part in all of this was played by another (pottery-) chronologist (numbers man) and another Dominican, père Louis-Hugues Vincent, who joined the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">École Biblique</i> only a year after it was founded. Of course, coming for a Lagrangian background, père Vincent was always going to be operating from a base of biblical fluidity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">He, being a pottery-chronologist, was accorded a respect similar to that of the ‘expert’, Meyer. Consequently, we now find ourselves in the situation in which the biblical events have been separated from their right archaeology and history by many centuries – almost a millennium in the case of the famous Jericho incident.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">One of my correspondent’s main concerns was that this - the Bible’s no longer fitting with the textbook history - was one of the reasons why many dismiss much of the Scriptures as being myth or fantasy, having little in the way of historical credibility.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">“Didactic fiction” is how one elderly Dominican in Sydney has described the Book of Jonah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Not that the Bible is essentially about history, or science, of course. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">For the Dominican priest to whom I spoke, it is really about “theology”.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">According to pope Francis, in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aperuit Illis</i>, it is about “our salvation” (# 9):</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #663300; font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The Bible is not a collection of history books or a chronicle, but is aimed entirely at the integral salvation of the person. The evident historical setting of the books of the Bible should not make us overlook their primary goal, which is our salvation.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">It is clear from this, though, that the biblical books have an “evident historical setting”, contrary to Lagrange’s view that early Genesis is pre-historical, but also non-historical (see below).</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU">Dei Verbum </span></i><span lang="EN-AU">even has “our first parents” (Cardinal Pell take note), Abraham, Moses, and so on.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">3. God, who through the Word creates all things (see John 1:3) and keeps them in existence, gives men an enduring witness to Himself in created realities (see Rom. 1:19-20). Planning to make known the way of heavenly salvation, He went further and from the start manifested Himself to our first parents. Then after their fall His promise of redemption aroused in them the hope of being saved (see Gen. 3:15) and from that time on He ceaselessly kept the human race in His care, to give eternal life to those who perseveringly do good in search of salvation (see Rom. 2:6-7). Then, at the time He had appointed He called Abraham in order to make of him a great nation (see Gen. 12:2). Through the patriarchs, and after them through Moses and the prophets, He taught this people to acknowledge Himself the one living and true God, provident father and just judge, and to wait for the Savior promised by Him, and in this manner prepared the way for the Gospel down through the centuries. ….</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">M. Lagrange, on the other hand, according to the following, denied early Genesis historicity: <a href="https://exhibitions.lib.cam.ac.uk/dominicans/artifacts/the-bible-in-context/"><span lang="EN" style="color: #1f4e79; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://exhibitions.lib.cam.ac.uk/dominicans/artifacts/the-bible-in-context/</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "myriad pro" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">His major challenge, however, would be to establish for fellow Catholics the importance of the Bible’s literary and historical contexts while still proclaiming it to be the Word of God.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "myriad pro" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">To promote Catholic biblical scholarship Lagrange founded first the periodical <i>Revue biblique</i> which was to publish articles on exegesis by teachers at the Jerusalem school and elsewhere, and second <i>Études bibliques</i>, a series of commentaries which began with a study of Judges published in 1903. Church censorship was a continual possibility. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "myriad pro" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lagrange challenged in his lectures and articles the Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch, and he denied the historicity (though not the truth) of the creation narrative in Genesis 1–11. As a result, he found himself forbidden to publish a commentary on Genesis. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">The Dominican priest to whom I spoke did not actually deny an Adam and an Eve, but said: “The first man and woman are called Adam and Eve in Genesis, but these would not have been their real names as they are Hebrew names”.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">I also advanced this bullet point: </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">The JEDP sources that scholars claim to identify in the Book of Genesis are not fundamentally the sources from which Genesis was compiled. These latter are the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">toledôt</i> divisions, to be read as endings of family histories, the histories of the pre-Moses patriarchs. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Whilst the priest was familiar with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">toledôt, </i>he did not comment on my insistence that they were endings, not headings. He admitted to being uncomfortable with JEDP – “you can’t preach it”.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">I also recalled to him the case of the French Catholic physician, Jean Astruc, really a pioneer of the modern documentary sources, who had intuitively discerned that the Flood account in Genesis appeared to have been composed from more than one source. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">toledôt</i> perfectly accounts for that, of course, it having been written by Noah’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">three</i> sons. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">The next series, I said, was signed off only by Shem, who must by then have become separated from his brothers, Ham and Japheth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Furthermore, I said, scholars who deny the influence of Moses in the compilation of the Pentateuch may not have any expertise in the ancient Egyptian language, and are not able, therefore, to discern a prevailing Egyptian influence throughout much of those books - this being an indication that these books, in their original states (before later editing) were written at an early point in time when Israel had been in close contact with Egypt, and not written in a later Babylonian period as the documentists insist.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">I queried that, if the early Bible were not really historically or archaeologically relevant, why was it that there is a substantial archaeology underlying e.g. the Conquest when properly dated, and not dated according to the whims of the unreliable chronologists. The Middle Bronze I (MBI) people - the priest knew of them - basically trace the same geographical pattern as do the Exodus Israelites, and they are known to have been bearing Egyptian artefacts. But conventional historians (the more biblically-minded ones) tend to identify the partially nomadic MBI as belonging to the time of Abram (Abraham). Once we fix Abram to his right stratigraphical level, however, which is Late Chalcolithic/Early Bronze I, we can identify the destruction caused by the four invading kings as narrated in Genesis 14, Amraphel of Shinar and his confederacy.</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU">All of this is a real history, with a real underpinning archaeology.</span></i></div>
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AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-48717320179932593862019-10-24T16:22:00.002-07:002019-10-24T16:25:06.634-07:00Location and Language of Babel <br />
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 18pt;">Damien F. Mackey</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Now, turning to geographical considerations, “eastward” and “plain of Shinar”, there may be </span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">a pressing need to shift the conventional goal posts. And that is </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">exactly what Anne Habermehl has done in her ground-breaking article, “Where in the World Is the Tower of Babel?”</span></i><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Language of Babel </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">This heading is not so much concerned about the language, or languages, spoken at ancient Babel, as about a re-consideration of the meaning of the words/phrases particularly of verse 1: <i>“whole world”; “eastward”; “plain of Shinar”.</i> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Here, as in the Pentecost event of Acts 2, translations might superficially convey the impression of a global event, “whole world” (Genesis 11:1), to be compared with Acts 2:5’s “every nation under heaven”. A pairing of Babel with Pentecost is relevant insofar as the disastrous confusion of languages in the case of the former, owing to the sin of pride (Genesis 11:4, 7-9), is Divinely undone by the miraculous phenomenon of “tongues” at Pentecost (Acts 7:11): “… we hear them declaring the wonders of God in our own tongues!” </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">With the benefit of such a comparison it may be suggested that the confusion of languages was, just as was the Flood, only “local in geographic extent” (for full quote, read on further).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The different and contemporaneous Sumerian and Akkadian languages may have been a result. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Matt Lynch, however, has a somewhat different take on Babel and Pentecost (2016):</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://theologicalmisc.net/2016/05/pentecost-reversal-babel/"><span style="color: blue;">http://theologicalmisc.net/2016/05/pentecost-reversal-babel/</span></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: #2e74b5; font-family: "calibri light"; font-size: medium;">Pentecost — A Reversal of Babel?</span></span></b></h1>
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<time datetime="2016-05-16T10:00:42+01:00" itemprop="datePublished"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: #999999;">....</span></span></time></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Once, when I was teaching a church class, two people started speaking to each other in German. It made things easier for them because it was their native language. But it didn’t make things easier for Margaret (name changed). With deep frustration she exclaimed, ‘Can we just speak English here!’</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">The experience of linguistic diversity leads many to wish for unity—or rather, homogeneity. Wouldn’t it be nice if everyone just spoke </span><em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">normal</span></em><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (i.e., English)? That desire for intelligibility is understandable, but the desire for that language to be English can also betray ethnocentrism. Especially from where I come in the U.S., which has no national language, the fight to retain English can easily slide into a fear-driven attempt to keep ‘our’ culture and ‘our’ language dominant.</span></span></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Confusion over Babel</span></strong></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Yesterday the church celebrated its founding linguistic event—Pentecost—an event that many hail as the definitive reversal of Babel. Whereas at Babel, God confused languages, at Pentecost, God brought people of all languages together and united them. At Babel tongues were confused. At Pentecost, tongues were understood. You get the idea.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">However, Pentecost may not be anti-Babel in the way some suppose. For starters, the reversal idea assumes that a unified language was a good idea gone wrong, and that eschatological unity would somehow involve a return to </span><em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">one language</span></em><span style="font-family: "calibri";">—a Spirit language.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">But Genesis never states that the confusion of languages was a bad thing. The only downside was for the Babelites, who couldn’t finish their Manhattan project. On the positive side, language diversification enabled humanity to get on with the task of ‘filling the earth,’ something they were meant to do but didn’t because of their big hero project. Notice the language in Gen 11:4:</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves; </span><strong><i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">otherwise we shall be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.</span></i></strong></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">God had wanted humans to </span><strong><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">‘fill the earth’</span></strong><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (Gen 1). Babel was in direct contravention of God’s intended vision of teeming diversity.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">At Pentecost, God embraces language diversity. He doesn’t destroy it. So yes, the Spirit </span><em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">reverses</span></em><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> the imperial unification of Babylon, but not the multiplication of languages.</span></span></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Empires and Language</span></strong></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">To see why the preservation of multiplication is important, it’s important to grasp the imperial function of language unification. Joel Green helps us here:</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">The wickedness of this idolatrous plan [to build Babel] is betrayed in the opening of the Babel story, with its reference to ‘one language’—a metaphor in the ancient Near East for the subjugation and assimilation of conquered peoples by a dominant nation. Linguistic domination is a potent weapon in the imperial arsenal, as people of Luke’s world themselves would have known, living as they did in the wake of the conquest of ‘the world’ by Alexander the Great and the subsequent creation of a single, Greek-speaking linguistic community.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref1"></a><a href="http://theologicalmisc.net/2016/05/pentecost-reversal-babel/#_ftn1"><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref1;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri";">[1]</span></span></a></span></div>
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<a href="http://theologicalmisc.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/leo-510159_1280.jpg"><span style="color: #ed702b; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">By confusing languages God was merciful, not punitive. He already recognized that ‘this is only the beginning of what they will do’ (11:6). Who knows what WMDs the Babelites would’ve created? Middleton writes, ‘Babel thus represents a regressive human attempt to guarantee security by settling in one place and constructing a monolithic empire, with a single language, thus resisting God’s original intent for humanity.’</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref2"></a><a href="http://theologicalmisc.net/2016/05/pentecost-reversal-babel/#_ftn2"><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref2;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri";">[2]</span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">So God gave humanity a push toward its original purpose, to fill the world, cultivate it, build cultures, and grow. Linguistic diversity is a natural outgrowth of this process, and one which the Spirit rubber stamps at Pentecost.</span></span></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Israel& the Nations</span></strong></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">But before we land on Pentecost, it’s important to look at a few snapshots of Israel’s ‘universal’ vision in Isaiah:</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">In days to come the mountain of the LORD’s house shall be established as the highest of the mountains, and shall be raised above the hills; </span><strong><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">all the nations</span></strong><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> shall stream to it. … For out of Zion shall go forth instruction, and the word of the LORD from Jerusalem. (Isa 2:2-3)</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">I am coming to gather </span><strong><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">all nations and tongues</span></strong><span style="font-family: "calibri";">; and they shall come and shall see my glory… And I will also take some of them as priests and as Levites, says the LORD. … From new moon to new moon, and from Sabbath to Sabbath, all flesh shall come to worship before me, says the LORD. (Isa 66:18, 21, 23)</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">In the first vision, the nations come to receive instruction from Israel. In the second, they come to worship, and some even becomes priests. They come as nations, with all their diversity of languages (‘nations and tongues’). And, they retain their identity as nations. They neither dissolve into one gigantic Israelite world empire nor isolate themselves completely.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Israel’s worship system </span><em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">includes</span></em><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> foreigners and receives the nations’ offerings, while the nations receive teaching from Israel.</span></span></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pentecost—Preservation and Unification</span></strong></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">When we turn to Pentecost, we see that the Spirit is similarly uninterested in unifying language: ‘Jews … from every nation under heaven … each one heard them speaking in the native language of each’ (Acts 2:5-6).</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://theologicalmisc.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/mosaic-409427_1280.jpg"><span style="color: #ed702b; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Things were getting out of hand, so Peter stood up to interpret the event. He did so by drawing on Joel 2, which anticipated a work of the Spirit that obliterated a different sort of division. Here’s Peter quoting from Joel 2:28-29:</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">In the last days, God says, I will pour out my Spirit on all people. Your </span><strong><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">sons and daughters</span></strong><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> will prophesy, your </span><strong><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">young men</span></strong><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> will see visions, your </span><strong><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">old men</span></strong><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> will dream dreams. Even on my </span><strong><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">servants, both men and women</span></strong><span style="font-family: "calibri";">, </span><em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I will pour out my Spirit in those days</span></em><span style="font-family: "calibri";">, and they will prophesy. (Acts 2:17-18)</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">The point couldn’t be clearer—the Spirit gave without regard for status, sex, or nationality. In giving, the Spirit unified the people of God (‘tearing down the dividing wall of hostility’ Eph 2:14), but in a way that preserved their cultural diversity</span><em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span></em><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">One Spirit, many gifts. One Spirit, many languages. </span></em><span style="font-family: "calibri";">The Spirit doesn’t negate difference, but cultivates and leverages that difference in service of God’s mission toward all nations</span><em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span></em></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">So yes, Pentecost reverses the homogeneity of Babel. And yes, Pentecost reverses any hostility that </span><em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">may have</span></em><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> arisen in the wake of linguistic confusion. Yet, the Spirit puts the diversity of cultures (preserved in their languages) on display and empowers each for the proclamation of a de-centered Good News. This was a profoundly anti-imperial move. The point isn’t that the Spirit speaks one language. Instead, the Spirit speaks </span><em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">your</span></em><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> language—no matter who you are. ....</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Returning now to the subject of geographical extent, for the Flood, for Babel, Rich Deem has written of “The Genesis Flood Why the Bible Says It <i>Must</i> be Local”:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">“Psalm 104 directly eliminates any possibility of the flood being global (see <a href="http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/psalm104.html"><i><span style="color: #ff7200;">Psalm 104-9 - Does it refer to the Original Creation or the Flood?</span></i></a>). In order to accept a global flood, you must reject Psalm 104 and the inerrancy of the Bible. If you like to solve mysteries on your own, you might want to read the <a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%206:5-9:17;&version=31;"><span style="color: #ff7200;">flood account</span></a> first and find the biblical basis for a local flood.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #1f4d78; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">The Bible's other creation passages eliminate the possibility of a global flood</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The concept of a global Genesis flood can be easily eliminated from a plain reading of Psalm 104,<a href="http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/localflood.html#n01"><sup><span style="color: #ff7200;">1</span></sup></a> which is known as the "creation psalm." …. The verse that eliminates a global flood follows: "You set a boundary they [the waters] cannot cross; never again will they cover the earth." (<a href="http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Psalm%20104.9"><span style="color: #ff7200;">Psalm 104:9</span></a>)<a href="http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/localflood.html#n01"><sup><span style="color: #ff7200;">1</span></sup></a> Obviously, if the waters never again covered the earth, then the flood must have been local. Psalm 104 is just one of several creation passages that indicate that God prevented the seas from covering the entire earth.<a href="http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/localflood.html#n02"><sup><span style="color: #ff7200;">2</span></sup></a> An integration of all flood and creation passages clearly indicates that the Genesis flood was local in geographic extent”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Now, turning to geographico-linguistic considerations re Babel, “eastward” and “plain of Shinar”, there may be a pressing need to shift the conventional goal posts. And that is </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">exactly what Anne Habermehl has done in her ground-breaking article, “Where in the World Is the Tower of Babel?” (</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://answersingenesis.org/tower-of-babel/where-in-the-world-is-the-tower-of-babel/"><span lang="EN" style="color: #1f4e79; mso-ansi-language: EN;">https://answersingenesis.org/tower-of-babel/where-in-the-world-is-the-tower-of-babel/</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">), there shifting the geographical focus for the Tower of Babel incident away from southern Iraq (ancient “Sumer”), the customary “Cradle of Civilisation”, to the Khabur region of NE Syria. According to this new view, the biblical “land of Shinar” to whose “plain” men migrated after the Flood (Genesis 11:2), and thought to indicate “Sumer”, is roughly to be identified, instead, as the region of Sinjar (the scene of much fighting in our era). </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">This is how Anne Habermehl has introduced (summarised) her article:</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Abstract</span></b></div>
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<i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The biblical story of the Tower of Babel is believed by many to be the record of a real historical event that took place after the worldwide Flood, at a time when the earth’s population still lived together in one place. The enduring archaeological question, therefore, is where the Tower of Babel was built. It is widely considered that Shinar, where the Bible says the Babel event took place, was a territory in south Mesopotamia; and that Babel was located at Babylon. However, an analysis of history, geography, and geology, shows that Shinar cannot have been in the south, but rather was a territory in what is northeastern Syria today; and that the remnants of the Tower must be located in the Upper Khabur River triangle, not far from Tell Brak, which is the missing city of Akkad.</span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">An immediate point in Habermehl’s favour is that she has been able to, in her scholarly and well-researched article, provide a fairly compelling identification (namely, Tell Brak) for the lost city of Akkad (Accad), Nimrod’s city (Genesis 10:10), so famous in ancient times<i>, but not identified even to this day. </i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Akkad is generally estimated to have been situated in the environs of modern Baghdad. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">As to the word, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">“eastward”, one may have to ask, “eastward” from where?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Various translations of the word, the Hebrew <i>miqqedem</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (</span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">מִקֶּדֶם</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">), </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">are “from the east”, “in the east”. The Ark survivors were last heard of “on the mountains of Ararat [Urartu]”, which is already close to the eastern extremities of the ancient world. It is unlikely that preserved humanity travelled even further “eastwards” (or its variants) than this in search of fertile habitable land.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hebrew <i>miqqedem</i> also has the meaning “of old [long ago”], which makes more sense to me.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Further, regarding the location of the Tower of Babel, the Septuagint (LXX) Isaiah provides a geographical clue which, whilst conforming with Habermehl’s location of biblical “Shinar”, would not, however, support a conventional location of the land as Sumer, nor anywhere further “eastward”. In </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/ellicott/isaiah/10.htm"><i><span style="color: blue;">Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers</span></i></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> we read this intriguing information, regarding Isaiah 10:9: “Is not Calno [Calneh] as Carchemish? is not Hamath as Arpad? is not Samaria as Damascus?” (“... </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">instead of naming Carchemish, gives “Calanè, where the tower [</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">ὁ πύργος] </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">was built ...”):</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">“…. <b>Is not Calno as Carchemish?</b>—The six names obviously pointed to more recent conquests in which Sargon and his predecessors had exulted. One after another they had fallen. Could Judah hope to escape? (1) Calno, the Calneh of <a href="http://biblehub.com/genesis/10-10.htm" title="And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar."><span style="color: #ff7200;">Genesis 10:10</span></a>, <a href="http://biblehub.com/amos/6-2.htm" title="Pass you to Calneh, and see; and from there go you to Hamath the great: then go down to Gath of the Philistines: be they better than these kingdoms? or their border greater than your border?"><span style="color: #ff7200;">Amos 6:2</span></a>. That prophet had held up its fate in vain as a warning to Samaria. …. The LXX. version, which instead of naming Carchemish, gives “Calanè, where the tower [</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">ὁ πύργος] </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">was built,” seems to imply a tradition identifying that city with the Tower of Babel of <a href="http://biblehub.com/genesis/11-4.htm" title="And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach to heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad on the face of the whole earth."><span style="color: #ff7200;">Genesis 11:4</span></a>. (2) Carchemish. Few cities of the ancient world occupied a more prominent position than this. Its name has been explained as meaning the Tower of Chemosh, and so bears witness to the widespread cultus of the deity whom we meet with in Biblical history as the “abomination of the Moabites” (<a href="http://biblehub.com/1_kings/11-7.htm" title="Then did Solomon build an high place for Chemosh, the abomination of Moab, in the hill that is before Jerusalem, and for Molech, the abomination of the children of Ammon."><span style="color: #ff7200;">1 Kings 11:7</span></a>)”. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Some have even associated the god Chemosh with Ham himself, the son of Noah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">This switches the land of the Tower of Babel away from Sumer to the vicinity of Carchemish.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The name, Carchemish, including apparently the meaning of “Tower”, may indicate that this is where the attempted building of the Tower of Babel had been undertaken.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">It could not have been in the well-known Babylon of Sumer, which city was begun much later.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Any map of Mesopotamia will show that - whether one believes Noah’s Ark to have landed on Mt. Çudi (Judi) in Kurdistan, or Mt. Ararat in Turkey - ancient Babylon is hundreds of kilometers directly south of both of these places. Various authors have pointed this out. “This somewhat inconvenient geographical fact (for those who believe that the people migrated eastward or westward) is downplayed by those who believe that the Tower was built at the city of Babylon, and requires inventing scenarios that move the people far enough south while still satisfying their perception of this Scripture”. (Anne Habermehl’s article)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sadly, the location of other cities connected with Nimrod in this same Genesis verse (10:10): “The beginning of [Nimrod’s] kingdom was Babel and Erech and Accad and Calneh, in the land of Shinar”, is also a matter of dispute. Some translations even get rid of “Calneh” altogether, by substituting “all of these [i.e., Babel, Erech and Accad] in the land of Shinar”. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Another point in Habermehl’s favour, I think, is that her choice of Sinjar (Shinjar) for “Shinar” is far more linguistically plausible than is “Sumer”.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Scholars and historians have been totally confounded by the abrupt rise of the Sumerian culture nearly 6,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. This “sudden civilisation” seemed to appear out of thin air and refused to conform to the popular historical theory of linear development in cultural evolution.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Historian Professor Charles Hapgood squarely faces the issue when he writes that “today we find primitive cultures co-existing with advanced modern society on all continents… We shall now assume that 20,000 years ago while paleolithic peoples held out in Europe, more advanced cultures existed elsewhere on earth.”</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Likewise the rise of Sumeria has been a major puzzle. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Joseph Campbell in The Masks of God writes, “With stunning abruptness… there appears in this little Sumerian mud garden… the whole cultural syndrome that has since constituted the germinal unit of all high civilisations of the world.”</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">William Irwin Thompson puts it even more succinctly. “Sumer is a poor stoneless place for a neolithic culture to evolve from a peasant community into a full-blown civilisation,” he writes, “but it is a very good place to turn the plains and marshes into irrigated farmlands … In short, Sumer is an ideal place to locate a culture already having the technology necessary for urban life and irrigation agriculture.”</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">This would indicate that human settlement of Sumer, and the cities and culture that developed from this, had occurred somewhat later than was formerly believed.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">There is to be considered the possibility that pre-Flood Cain-ites had settled there and that, after the Flood, when Sumer was re-settled, Cain-ite names were re-applied to the cities that now sprang up there. My earlier view had been, in line with others, that cities named after the Cain-ites (Enoch, Irad, Tubal-cain) were identifiable in the names of southern Mesopotamia cities. According to: </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://xenohistorian.wordpress.com/2008/03/31/the-babylonian-connection-"><span lang="EN" style="color: #1f4e79; mso-ansi-language: EN;">http://xenohistorian.wordpress.com/2008/03/31/the-babylonian-connection-</span></a></span><span style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">David Rohl has proposed that both Uruk and Ur were named after Enoch, because their actual Sumerian names were Unuk and Unuki, respectively. Rohl goes on to see a connection between Bad-tibira and Tubal-Cain, because Bad-tibira means “City of the Metal Worker.” Finally, Eridu, which archaeologists and Sumerian historians believe is the oldest city of all, could have been named after Irad (according to Rohl) or Jared (according to Zecharia Sitchin).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cain himself, though, as traditions seem to indicate, settled on the edge of “Seth’s land”. According to what we learned earlier, Cain had not moved far from the vicinity of the Garden of Eden.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">As already touched upon, NE Syria is also more geographically proximate (than is Sumer) for the descendants of Noah from my point of view (Habermehl is obviously a global Floodist), according to which Noah’s Ark landed upon the mountains of modern Kurdistan (ancient Urartu). It might be expected, then, that humankind would soon find its way into the fertile Khabur region. That this region qualifies as a “plain” is apparent from Habermehl’s description of it (she includes a photograph):</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">“It is difficult to tell from what we know of history exactly where the boundaries of the entire land of Shinar were; indeed, those boundaries may not even have remained precisely the same at different times. However, we will generally describe Shinar as a land including the territory that is located immediately south of the Turkish mountains between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This area is almost perfectly flat as far as the eye can see (fig. 2). It surely qualifies as “a plain in the land of Shinar,” as Genesis calls it”.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">There is yet another most useful upside to Habermehl’s reconstruction; one that she herself has pointed out, and it is not favourable to the documentary theory: “One result of “moving” Babel from south Mesopotamia to the north of Syria is that secular historians will no longer be able to claim that the building of the Tower was merely a story inspired by the ziggurat at Babylon (for example, Parrot 1955, p. 17)”. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">In fact, with the early Genesis scene shifted right away from Babylonia, then those old arguments according to which the Book of Genesis (e.g., the Flood) had borrowed from Mesopotamian lore will no longer carry any force.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">It is well known where the ancient city of Babylon stood. But - and as Habermehl strongly - argues, Babylon and the “Babel” of Genesis 10:10 are not necessarily synonymous. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Habermehl herself does not actually identify the location of Babel. She presumes that it must lie at the approximate centre of the triangle of cities that she has associated with Genesis 10:10.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">But might not the LXX be telling us, by substituting the name “Babylon” for “Carchemish”, that the impressive site of Carchemish (modern Jerablus) was itself a Babylon, a Babel? – perhaps in close association with Calneh – in the very region “where the Tower was built”?</span></div>
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<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">One unusual French scholar, Fernand Crombette, whose unique and complicated method of translating ancient texts with the aid of Coptic has bemused many, had claimed that Carchemish was where Noah and his sons lived after the Flood, and that its modern name, Jerablus, actually translates as The Naked Man (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L‘homme nu</i>), referring to the incident of the drunken Noah (Genesis 9:20-25). Given that the region of Carchemish may have been <i>the </i>suitable place for grape vines: “In Mesopotamia, grapevines could be nurtured only in the north, notably in the region of Carchemish” (P. King, <i>Life in Biblical Israel</i>, p. 98), then Crombette may have got this right. Northern Syria might have been, for this very reason, the first place of choice for migrations after the Flood waters had begun to subside. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
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<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">That does not necessitate, however, that all human groups, post-Flood, had converged upon the fertile “plain in the land of Shinar”.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
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<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Carchemish, once excavated by the famed adventurer, T. E. Lawrence (“Lawrence of Arabia”), but now currently situated on the boundaries of a war zone, awaits a fuller archaeological effort. “</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Nicolò Marchetti of Bologna University, who leads the renewed investigations with a joint Italian-Turkish team beginning in 2011, says that, despite the city's historical significance, only 5 percent of the site has been excavated”.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">I personally should be most interested to find whether further excavational work at the site of Jerablus (Carchemish), or its environs, might yield any evidence of the famous Tower of Babel. </span></div>
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AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-51995493585369086162019-10-23T19:52:00.002-07:002019-10-23T19:53:43.266-07:00Post Flood man treks from Urartu (‘Ararat’) to Shinar and environs <div align="center">
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 18pt;"><img alt="Noah's Sons" data-expand="300" data-pfsrc="https://www.learnreligions.com/thmb/1zSYIoAVKY2D31UvEl_eswYD9GE=/768x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Naoh-sSonsGettyImages-91728120-584ed1f43df78c491ee80102.jpg" height="390" src="https://www.learnreligions.com/thmb/1zSYIoAVKY2D31UvEl_eswYD9GE=/768x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Naoh-sSonsGettyImages-91728120-584ed1f43df78c491ee80102.jpg" srcset="https://www.learnreligions.com/thmb/LyReJX8LU9EgaAH_jp96x38H4G8=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Naoh-sSonsGettyImages-91728120-584ed1f43df78c491ee80102.jpg 300w, https://www.learnreligions.com/thmb/UOSQ7lziUe66Qmg5tS_sGzNWrIU=/417x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Naoh-sSonsGettyImages-91728120-584ed1f43df78c491ee80102.jpg 417w, https://www.learnreligions.com/thmb/NRi7j4jhP15qls2-yca_ITaCOHE=/534x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Naoh-sSonsGettyImages-91728120-584ed1f43df78c491ee80102.jpg 534w, https://www.learnreligions.com/thmb/1zSYIoAVKY2D31UvEl_eswYD9GE=/768x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Naoh-sSonsGettyImages-91728120-584ed1f43df78c491ee80102.jpg 768w" width="640" /><a class="pinit-btn" data-network="pinterest" data-pin-custom="true" data-pin-description="What Happened to the Sons of Noah After the Flood?" data-pin-do="skipLink" data-pin-media="https://www.learnreligions.com/thmb/IkNN_Wtg9Z4t1SWD_g9Q55cQFV0=/735x0/Naoh-sSonsGettyImages-91728120-584ed1f43df78c491ee80102.jpg" data-pin-url="https://www.learnreligions.com/sons-of-noah-701191?utm_source=pinterest&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=shareurlbuttons_nip" data-source="pinitBtn" data-type="sharePinterest" href="https://www.learnreligions.com/sons-of-noah-701191#" id="button-pinterest-image" title="Pin to Pinterest"></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"> </span><br />
</span><figcaption class="figure-article-caption"></figcaption><span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 18pt;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 18pt;">by</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 18pt;">Damien F.
Mackey</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></i></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Noah and the
other survivors of the Flood would presumably (of necessity) have spent some
period of time in the region where the Ark had landed. </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Arabic sources from the 10th century mention a village called <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Thamanin</span>, built by Noah at the foot
of Mount </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Çudi (</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Judi).</span></i></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i></div>
<div align="right" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Histories
of the Sons of Noah</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
fourth Genesis <i>toledôt</i> (“family history”) was written (owned) by the
three sons of Noah:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" style="background: rgb(254, 251, 184); mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 0px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: none; border-image: none; border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm; width: 13.16%;" width="13%"><div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 4</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: none; border-image: none; border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm;"><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Genesis 6:9b</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: none; border-image: none; border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm;"><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Genesis 10:1a</span></span></div>
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<td style="background: none; border-image: none; border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm;"><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Shem, Ham and Japheth </span></span></div>
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</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">“This is
the account of Shem, Ham and Japheth, Noah’s sons, who themselves had sons
after the flood”.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">This
triple-authored history, which provides us with an eye-witness account of the
great Flood, is followed by the famous Table of Nations (Genesis 10) and the
incident of the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11): all Shem’s <i>toledôt.</i></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" style="background: rgb(254, 251, 184); mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 0px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: none; border-image: none; border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm; width: 13.16%;" width="13%"><div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 5</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: none; border-image: none; border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm; width: 26.16%;" width="26%"><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Genesis 10:1b</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: none; border-image: none; border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm;"><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Genesis 11:10a</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: none; border-image: none; border: 0px rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm;"><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Shem</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">By now,
the three brothers must have gone their own separate ways.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">But the repetition in the account of the Flood
bespeaks their previous multiple authorship. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">For example:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Genesis Chapter 7, </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">18:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> "And the waters prevailed, and were increased greatly upon the
earth".</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">19:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> "And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth".</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">20:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> "Fifteen cubits upwards did the waters prevail".</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Also:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">21:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> "And all flesh died that moved upon the face of the earth".</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">22:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> "All in whose nostrils was the breath of life and all that was in
the dry land died".</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">23:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> "And every living substance was destroyed".</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">French physician, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jean Astruc (C17<sup>th</sup> AD),
claimed to have discerned “three accounts” of the Flood story, instancing in
support of his claim these repetitious passages. It is with Astruc that the
documentary theory (JEDP) first began. He was quite correct about the <i>number
</i>of sources, but had no apparent awareness about their true <i>origins.</i> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The documentists have, in fact, given considerable attention to the
Flood narrative, thinking that the Hebrews would have borrowed it from the
Babylonian mythology. Eugene H. Maly, for instance, in his article “Genesis”
for <i>The Jerome Biblical Commentary</i> (1968), will accredit to the J (Yahwist)
source (2:44): <b>“The Sons of Noah (9:18-27)”. </b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">(</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jawist (or Yahwist, from Yahweh) - describes God as <i>Yahweh</i>, and
is dated around 850 B.C.). And Maly will attribute to the P (Priestly) and J
source (2:45): “<b>The Peopling of the Earth (10:1-32)”.</b> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">(Priestly - this encompasses writings scattered
from Gen 1 through the notice of Moses’ death at the end of Deuteronomy. It is
supposedly dated around 500 B.C.).<b> </b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Let us briefly return to Noah. His other name is
said to have been <i>Menahem</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (“comforter”)<i>.
</i></span>“</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The apparent
discrepancy in Gen. [5:] 29, where it is said that Lamech "called his name
Noah, saying, This shall comfort us," is explained by the "Sefer
ha-Yashar" (section "Bereshit," p. 5b, Leghorn, 1870), which
says that while he was called in general "Noah," his father named him
"Menahem" (= "the comforter")”. (<span style="color: #2e75b6; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #2E75B6; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><a href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11571-noah"><span style="color: #2e75b6; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #2E75B6; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11571-noah</span></a></span>)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">It is generally agreed that 1656 years elapsed
from the creation of Adam to the Flood.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">I have tended to follow Philip Mauro’s
(following Martin Anstey’s) biblico-centric biblical chronology (<i>The Wonders
of Bible Chronology</i>) as a handy “backbone” for this period, though I do not
consider it to be flawless. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mauro’s date for the Flood, 2390 BC, will serve
as an approximation.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Noah and the other survivors of the Flood would
presumably (of necessity) have spent some period of time in the region where
the Ark had landed. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Arabic
sources from the 10th century mention a village called <i>Thamanin</i>, built
by Noah at the foot of Mount </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Çudi (</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Judi). </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">It is impossible in the present state of our
knowledge to say any more about the duration of sojourn in this particular
region. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Afterwards, did Noah and his sons, their wives
and their children, remove to the “Shinar” region where there would later occur
the Tower of Babel debacle as recorded by Shem? </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ham’s ‘uncovering of his father’s nakedness’
(Genesis 9:22) is a euphemism for his having had sexual intercourse with Noah’s
wife. This was forbidden by the Law of Moses, e.g. Leviticus 18:7, translated
bluntly by NIV as: “</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Do not
dishonor your father by having sexual relations with your mother. She is your
mother; do not have relations with her”.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Possibly,
though, this wife of Noah was not Ham’s actual mother, but his step-mother.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">“The
"Sefer ha-Yashar" (<i>l.c.</i>) and Gen. R. (xxii. 4) both agree that
Noah's wife was called Naamah. According to the latter, she was the sister of
Tubal-cain (Gen. iv. 21); according to the former, she was a daughter of Enoch,
and Noah married her when he was 498 years old. In the Book of Jubilees (Hebr.
transl. by Rubin, iv. 46-47) Noah's wife is referred to as "Emẓara,
daughter of Raḳi'el." Emẓara was his niece, and two years after their
marriage bore him Shem”.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11571-noah"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11571-noah</span></a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Old Tobit
must have had some ‘inside’ information about Noah when he commanded his son,
Tobias (Tobit 4:12): ‘</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Remember,
my son, that <b>Noah</b>, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, our ancestors of old, all
took wives from among their kindred. They were blessed in their children</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> …’.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">In
biblical fashion Noah cursed, not Ham, but the offspring of this illicit union,
Canaan (Genesis 9:25): ‘Cursed be Canaan! The lowest of slaves will he be to
his brothers’.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Table of
Nations and their Spread </span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">All the
nations of the world, from the greatest to the least, descended from those who
survived on the Ark. Shem has listed these nations in what we now call Genesis
10. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Much has
been written about this “Table of Nations”. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">According
to one version: <a href="https://bible.org/seriespage/4-settlement-world-table-nations"><span style="color: #1f4e79;">https://bible.org/seriespage/4-settlement-world-table-nations</span></a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Generally speaking, the Hamites are the most
dispersed and diverse people, both ethnically and linguistically. They will be
found, according to Genesis, in Asia Minor, Canaan, Egypt (North Africa), South
Africa, and Mesopotamia.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Likewise, the Japethites represent the Indo-European
peoples, that is, from Europe to India. This classification is usually
referring to linguistic similarities rather than ethnic, although the latter is
also a consideration. Looking at a relief map of the world, one can see that
these people are often mountain people.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Finally, from a biblical point of view, the Semites
are the center of God’s work. Semitic people come out of the desert. They are
Assyrian, Babylonian, old South Arabians, and, of course, the descendants of
Abraham. It is no coincidence that the three great monotheistic religions had
their origin among Semitic people.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Anomalies
arise, however. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
Hittites, for instance, descended from the Hamitic Canaan (Genesis 10:15):
“Canaan was the father of Sidon his firstborn, and of the Hittites …”, are
later classified as an Indo-European people. “Scientists trace evolution of
Indo-European languages to Hittites”:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/nov/27/highereducation.artsandhumanities"><span style="color: #1f4e79;">https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/nov/27/highereducation.artsandhumanities</span></a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Presumably,
as the waters subsided after the Flood, individual clans would have reclaimed
the best of the habitable lands of a world that had now, no doubt, been altered
significantly due to the geo-tectonic upheavals caused by the mighty Deluge. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">One of
the arguments posed by Creationists against the notion of a non-global Flood -
and it is quite a valid one - is that Noah could have, in such a case, moved
elsewhere, rather than having to have gone to all of the trouble of building
the Ark. The possibility needs to be considered, however (at least I think),
that the antediluvian “world that then was” (2 Peter 3:6) was not structured
the same as the post-diluvian world that later was. Noah may perhaps have been
unable physically to escape from the confines of his world due to, say, a
surrounding ‘Ocean’. Recall, for example, the ancient legends of an
earth-encircling River <i>Okeanos.</i></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The spread of ice may also have been a physically
limiting factor.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Previously
I had suggested that “the sequence of Stone Ages, Palaeolithic to Chalcolithic,
was both an antediluvian, and a post-diluvian, phenomenon”. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lower
Palaeolithic is conventionally and unrealistically (to say the least) dated
1.76 million to 100 thousand years ago. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">But, in
light of Dr. John Osgood’s “A Better Model for the Stone Age”, this inflated
figure is in need of serious shrinkage. For Lower Palaeolithic conditions were
part of the experience of the early post-Flood peoples - the Acheuleans being
one set of these, according to Osgood - when the lands were still affected by left-over
water:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">A wet middle east and heavy strata build-up</span></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The biblical model implies that there would have been much more water
left over in land basins as a result of the great Flood than would necessarily
be present today, and so we would look for evidence of large lake-like
accumulations in such possible basin areas. The biblical model certainly does
not insist on any particular weather conditions immediately after the Flood,
but wet conditions would certainly be logical in God’s planning for the
habitation of the post-Flood earth, and would be logical in terms of the
necessary rapid build-up of plant and animal life again after the Flood. As a
result of the Flood, there would have been much salt left on the land, so wet
conditions would have caused a washing off of some of this salt from the land
and a faster ability of non-salt-loving plants to grow adequately, allowing for
quick afforestation, an abundance of plant life, and hence a multiplication of
animal life after the great Flood. Wet conditions would have increased the
breakdown of mud-brick buildings, increasing therefore the build-up of strata
in tells during the early days in the Middle East and causing more rapid
build-up in caves, particularly in dolomite and limestone caves.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">There is strong evidence for a very wet climate in the Middle East and
for left-over basins of water over many areas of the Middle East in the early
days which the biblical model would allow to be called post-Flood, but which
the evolutionary model would call the stone age.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Palestine in those early days showed evidence of great areas of water,
particularly filling in the north of the Huleh Basin:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">‘It is currently accepted that during the period of Acheulean occupation
of the north-eastern tip of Upper Galilee, a large lake filled the entire Huleh
Basin while the mountains were covered by oak forests incorporating several
northern elements. such as <b>Fagus</b>. The surroundings were rich in various
animals, including a number of large species. The Acheulean site was apparently
located close to the ancient lake, in the vicinity of streams descending from
the Hermon (Stekelis and Gilead, 1966; Nir and Bar-Yosef, 1976; Horowitz
1975-1977).’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ftnref9"></a><a href="http://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age#ref9"><sup><span style="color: #ff7200;">9</span></sup></a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Also in south-central Sinai:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">‘Strikingly thick accumulations of sediments occur in Wadi Feiran and
its tributaries in south central Sinai (Fig. 1). Over the past three decades
these have been the subject of discussion with reference to their origin <b>(fluvial
verses lacustrine)</b> and their climatological and chronological significance.
In this note we describe an <b>in situ</b> Upper Paleolithic site, the first
known from south central Sinai, which places these deposits in a firmer
chronological context of about 30,000 to 35,000 B.P. and lends support to
previous climatological interpretations of a former wetter climate.’’</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age#ref10"><sup><span lang="EN" style="color: #ff7200; mso-ansi-language: EN;">10:185</span></sup></a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">And:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">‘Nevertheless, the widespread occurrence of Upper Paleolithic sites
throughout the central Negev and down to the very arid southern Sinai would
suggest a regionally wet climate, which enabled the Upper Paleolithic people to
exploit an area which today is hyper-arid.’</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age#ref10"><sup><span lang="EN" style="color: #ff7200; mso-ansi-language: EN;">10:189</span></sup></a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Furthermore, in east Jordan:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">‘Briefly, the stratification in the north, west, and south trenches
reflects the existence of a Pleistocene pluvial lake that shrank until a
widespread marsh formed during the Early Neolithic.’</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age#ref11"><sup><span lang="EN" style="color: #ff7200; mso-ansi-language: EN;">11:28</span></sup></a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">….</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">‘During the Late Acheulian period of the Late Pleistocene, the scene
around Ain el-Assad was quite different: an immense lake, roughly five times
the size of the present Dead Sea (Rollefson 1982; Garrard and Price 1977)
stretched to the northern, eastern, and southern horizons. Once again, animals
would have been attracted to the lakeshore, yielding opportunities for
Neanderthal hunters to fulfill their needs.’</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age#ref11"><sup><span lang="EN" style="color: #ff7200; mso-ansi-language: EN;">11:33,34</span></sup></a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Similarly, Alison Betts has suggested that in the Black Desert just
close to the same area in eastern Jordan there was once lush growth and a large
population of animals:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">‘As far as hunting is concerned, the desert once supported large herds
of game, particularly gazelle, and evidence for the wholesale exploitation of
these herds is demonstrated by the complex chains of desert ‘kites’ lying
across what were once probably migration routes.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ftnref12"></a><a href="http://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age#ref12"><sup><span style="color: #ff7200;">12</span></sup></a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Next, Dr. Osgood turns to Egypt:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">In Egypt also, wet conditions prevailed:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">‘Naqada I and II are very remote times, and it is now known that
conditions in Egypt were then completely different from what they are today. At
Armant, for instance, south of Luxor, large trees had been growing sparsely all
over the low desert at a height of 20 or more feet above the present
cultivation level and, therefore, probably about 40 feet above in pre-Dynastic
times. The workmen told Mr. Myers that trees like this were to be found in
every part of the Nile Valley. Some of these trees at any rate were earlier
than either the Late or the Middle pre-Dynastic periods, for graves of these
dates had been cut through their roots. Again, a small Wadi had been silted up
and trees had been growing in it. This was all on the low desert, and similar
wet conditions are found to have prevailed on the high.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ftnref13"></a><a href="http://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age#ref13"><sup><span style="color: #ff7200;">13</span></sup></a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The testimony seems uniform that in those early
days, by whatever scheme they may be dated, conditions were wetter and large
areas of water-filled geographical basins, a picture that is thoroughly
consistent with the biblical model.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Such conditions, Osgood thinks, account for the
widespread use of the hand-axe:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Wet conditions and afforestation may well be one of the explanations for
the earliest type of culture found in many parts of the Middle East and Europe,
that is the Acheulian, the most characteristic tool of which was the hand-axe.
The need to clear land, to chop trees, and to build shelter from wet
conditions, as well as to shape tools such as spears for hunting in that early
survival culture, may well explain the ubiquity of the Acheulian hand-axe, a
fairly basic tool. But then, the conditions also were very basic, and survival
was the name of the game.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The most ancient sites of Jericho and Çatal
Hüyük evidence of multiple rebuilding<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">:</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The wet conditions may also explain the very large number of stone-age,
particularly Neolithic strata, in such places as Mersin, Catal Huyuk and
Jericho, where the main building materials were sun-dried mud bricks. In
north-eastern Iraq the Jarmo expedition found that the average expectation for
a ‘casually built house with some dried mud bricks and mud finished roof’ was
only 15 years.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ftnref14"></a><a href="http://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age#ref14"><sup><span style="color: #ff7200;">14</span></sup></a> In much wetter conditions of earlier
days the life of a building may well have been considerably shorter, even half
that time, making rapid build up of strata with rebuilding of levels in tells a
very highly likely proposition.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Even the layers at the Carmel Caves, Osgood
suggests, may be explainable according to a Flood scenario:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Furthermore, the deep layers found in some of the caves, such as the
Carmel Caves, which are dolomite, may well be explained by the wetter
conditions which would give rise to the more rapid breakdown of rock from the
roof. Such cave-ins, which were evident in some of the Carmel Caves, along with
the increased trampling in of soil, dirt and mud as the people came home from
hunting, would have led to a rapid build-up of strata in such caves. It is
impossible at this point in time to give an accurate assessment of the time
taken for the build-up of these strata. Long periods of time that have
artificially been assigned to them simply cannot be sustained on any present
evidence. For these reasons, the biblical model stands as a reasonably good
scientific model on which to test the evidence. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Thanks to
Dr. Osgood’s significant re-setting of the Stone Ages, now in a Flood context,
those embarking upon a revision of history ought now be able to stand on far
firmer ground, and with a clearer outlook, for co-ordinating pre-dynastic
Egypt, Palestine (e.g., early Jericho), Turkey (</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Çatal
Huyuk), and indeed the early post-Flood world in general, with a relevant
stratigraphy.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Another Creationist, Anne Habermehl, has also made
some interesting observations on the early post-Flood era, the Ice Age, and pre-dynastic
Egypt:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.creationsixdays.net/2013_ICC_Habermehl_AncientEgypt.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.creationsixdays.net/2013_ICC_Habermehl_AncientEgypt.pdf</span></a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">HISTORY OF HUMANS IN EGYPT </span></b></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Besides the geological indications, there are
archaeological and historical reasons to believe that the Nile Delta was formed
after the Ice Age. </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Archaeologists find evidence of human settlement along
the Nile and in the eastern and western desert areas in earliest times, which
they call the Lower Paleolithic era. Secular chronology places these first
settlers back as far as half a million to a million years (Bard, 2007, pp.
69–71; Midant-Reynes, 2000, p. 25; Vermeersch <i>et al</i>., 2000, p. 321;
Wendorf & Close, 1999, p. 2). Biblical scholars believe that the
descendants of Mizraim, son of Ham (Gen. 10:6) settled in Egypt; interestingly,
Misr is the official Arabic name for Egypt today (Egypt, 2012). Habermehl
(2011) argues that Shinar, where the Tower of Babel was built, was in northeast
Syria, North Mesopotamia. The journey to the Nile area would have been about
1100 km for the group of Noah’s descendants who migrated in that southwest
direction. </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">These first Nile settlers lived a primitive
hunter-gatherer lifestyle. They have left many stone tools behind of a style
called <i>Acheulean </i>by archaeologists, named after the site of St. Acheul,
France (Bard, 2007, pp. 67–79; Lewin, 1999, pp. 145–47). This stone tool design
was used widely in Europe, Africa and the Middle East by the most ancient
peoples, suggesting that it may have been based on technology known before the
Babel dispersion. </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">People continued to live in the Nile Valley through
the Middle Paleolithic (about 250,000–50,000 yrs. ago) and Upper Paleolithic
(about 50,000–12,000 yrs. ago) (Bard, 2007, pp. 73–78). These figures for the
secular eras are approximate and vary with different sources. Because the ice
sheet did not extend to Egypt during the Ice Age, as it did in Asia and other
parts of the world, early people continued to live in Egypt along the Nile
during the main glaciation period when conditions were very arid (Maisels,
1999, p. 39). The climate in Egypt during the Ice Age would have been much
cooler than today<i>. </i>There appear to have been glaciers surprisingly close
to the Nile, as is shown by moraines in the Sinai Peninsula (Huxley, 1883;
Hume, 1901; Kurter, 1997, p. G1). Even those who are reluctant to accept this
admit to the glacial evidences (Greenwood, 1997; Smykatz-Kloss <i>et al</i>.,
2003, p. 112). </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">According to historians, those early people who had
lived along the Nile moved westward after the Ice Age during the time of wild
Nile flooding. They lived in the Sahara, which had become green and habitable
from the northward-shifted monsoon rains and showed a sudden blossoming of
archaeological sites (Goudie, 1999). During this period, there were no
evidences of human habitation along the Nile. Humans stayed in the Sahara until
the monsoon rains moved southward again, and the Sahara started to become a dry
desert as before. Around 5300–3500 BC, secular timeline, these people then
moved back to the Nile, which by now had settled down (Carey, 2006). </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Some secular historians seem to miss the Ice Age as a
factor in the pattern of human movement—e.g., Grimal (1992, pp. 17–22), who
describes a break (end of 7</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">th </span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">millennium BC, secular timeline) between the
prehistory of Egypt and its history, for reasons that are “poorly known.” He
does not mention either the Ice Age or the Nile’s wild flow. This shows that
secular scholars can have the same problem of lack of crossover of geology and
history as young-earth creationists. </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Historians describe human occupation first in the
southern part of Egypt, with migration northward to the delta region later. The
first agricultural settlements in the Nile Delta date to about 5,000 BC on the
secular timeline (Holtz, 1969). This is well before Abraham’s Egyptian visit,
as we shall see shortly. </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">When people moved from the Saharan desert back to the
Nile, Egypt started to develop gradually from many groups of people with very
primitive living conditions to a more sophisticated civilization<b>. </b>At
first they lived in separate city states, probably each centered around the
worship of its own local god (Erman, 1894, p. 17). These city states developed
into provinces called nomes (Egyptian “sepats”), ruled by leaders called
nomarchs. In Lower (northern) Egypt, essentially the Delta, nomes were added as
the delta land was drained and made habitable (Petrie, 1911, p. 29). Possibly
the earliest Delta city was Buto, first settled nearly 5,000 BC secular time
(Kemp, 2006, pp. 86–89; Midant-Reynes, 2003, p. 56). </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">There is now much historical material available about
the late Predynastic Period, called Dynasty 0 by some (Raffaele, 2003; Bard,
2003, p. 57). A large number of kings are known to have reigned during this
time, but some of these could have been ruling concurrently, since unification
of Egypt under one pharaoh is believed to have occurred later at the beginning
of the 1</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">st </span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Dynasty (Bard, 2003, pp. 63–64). Both the red crown of lower (northern)
Egypt and the white crown of upper (southern) Egypt worn by the pharaohs for
thousands of years are attested quite early in this Predynastic Period. The
separate cultures of the two Egypts were therefore already developed before
unification (Wainwright, 1923; Bard, 1994; Midant-Reynes, 2003, pp. 41–56; Yale
News, 2011). An indication of late Predynastic occupation in the northern Nile
Delta is an artifact found buried 7.4 m below the surface near the
Mediterranean coast. The long, thin piece of dolomite is believed by scientists
to have been carried there by humans and could not have been deposited by
either the Nile or the sea (Stanley <i>et al</i>., 2008). </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">We can, therefore, conclude that there was
considerable human activity along the Nile and on the Delta after the Ice Age
but before the era of the Dynastic pharaohs. </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">A reliable indicator of climate is the clothes that
people wear. All the depictions of the ancient Egyptians point to a very warm
climate. For instance, the famous Narmer palette, a flat carved stone in the
Cairo Museum, dating to the beginning of the 1</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">st </span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Dynasty, shows the king wearing
only a very short kilt; captives and others are shown naked (El-Shahawy &
Atiya, 2005, pp. 23–25). Clearly the Egyptian weather was warm by this early
time, and the cool Ice Age weather was long gone. </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Recognition that the entire Ice Age from
beginning to end preceded the start of Egyptian civilization has clear
implications for those who write about chronological matters. Wright (2008)
states that there is a window of about 150–250 yrs. after Babel before Egypt
began constructing the 4th-Dynasty pyramids. Courville (1971, pp. 140–52)
believed that the Babel dispersion must have occurred only 37 yrs. before the
unification of Egypt (beginning of 1st Dynasty). Usshur (2003, p. 22) says that
Ham led his colony into Egypt around 2188 BC, about 54 yrs. after the Babel
dispersion; he then lists the Hyksos kings of Egypt (13th Dynasty) as starting
to rule in 2084 BC. In these problematic examples, there is no room for the Ice
Age. ….</span></span></div>
</figcaption><br />AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-69486241975136068452019-09-13T18:06:00.003-07:002019-09-13T18:06:32.272-07:00Jacob (Israel) and the ‘Stairway to Heaven’ <br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 20pt;">Damien F. Mackey</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><i><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">The patriarch Jacob (= Israel) and his celebrated son, Joseph, appear to have left some fairly substantial imprints upon archaïc Egypt of the era of pharaoh Zoser (Third Dynasty). </span></i></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">“Patterns of evidence” is presently being touted as a most useful methodology – and rightly so.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">The era of the substantial Third Dynasty pharaoh,<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> Zoser</span> (c. 2670 BC, conventional dating) has been favoured by some revisionists - myself included - as being the most likely time for Jacob and Joseph in Egypt, with Zoser’s vizier, Imhotep, thereby accepted as Joseph. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">That would necessitate a lowering of pharaoh Zoser on the time scale by about a millennium.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Among the “patterns of evidence” for this scenario are the highly important reference to a seven-year famine; the Step Pyramid, reminding one of Jacob’s dream of a Stairway to Heaven; and, as I noted recently in: </span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/20318221/Heb-Sed_Festival_Clues_in_Genesis"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Heb-Sed Festival Clues in Genesis</span></a></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #1f4e79; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/20318221/Heb-Sed_Festival_Clues_in_Genesis"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">https://www.academia.edu/20318221/Heb-Sed_Festival_Clues_in_Genesis</span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">with reference to Genesis 32:4, Jacob’s wrestling with the man (angel): </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">… wrestling with a young man was also a feature of the ancient Egyptian Heb-Sed festival, as is apparent from the case of pharaoh</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zoser. <span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="http://www.arabworldbooks.com/egyptomania/sameh_arab_sed_heb.htm"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">http://www.arabworldbooks.com/egyptomania/sameh_arab_sed_heb.htm</span></a></span> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">“One of the more remarkable signs of the Heb Sed can be found at the Djoser (3rd Dynasty) Step Pyramid complex at Saqqara, where remnants of the Heb Sed court were found, as well as an inscription on a false doorway inside the pyramid”.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">A further potential “pattern of evidence” is the testimony of the Papyrus Chester Beatty IV (British Museum ESA 10684) that Imhotep, among others, could tell the future with certainty (<span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/literature/authorspchb.html"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/literature/authorspchb.html</span></a></span>):</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Is there another like Imhotep? </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">….</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Those who knew how to foretell the future,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">What came from their mouths took place ….</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">The brilliant Joseph, of course, knew the future and accurately interpreted the pharaoh’s dream (Genesis 41:38-44):</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">And Pharaoh said to his servants, ‘Can we find a man like this, in whom is the Spirit of God?’ Then Pharaoh said to Joseph, ‘Since God has shown you all this, there is none so discerning and wise as you are. You shall be over my house, and all my people shall order themselves as you command. Only as regards the throne will I be greater than you’. And Pharaoh said to Joseph, ‘See, I have set you over all the land of Egypt’. Then Pharaoh took his signet ring from his hand and put it on Joseph's hand, and clothed him in garments of fine linen and put a gold chain about his neck. And he made him ride in his second chariot. And they called out before him, ‘Bow the knee!’ Thus he set him over all the land of Egypt. Moreover, Pharaoh said to Joseph, ‘I am Pharaoh, and without your consent no one shall lift up hand or foot in all the land of Egypt’.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Included in Papyrus Chester Beatty IV is Ptahhotep, a legendary seer, who, like Joseph, lived to be 110 years old (Genesis 50:26): “So Joseph died at the age of a hundred and ten. And after they embalmed him, he was placed in a coffin in Egypt”. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Some of what follows has been suggested to me by John R. Salverda. See also his:</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">The Hebrew Origins of Argolian Mythology</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #1f4e79; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/4065204/The_Hebrew_Origins_of_Argolian_Mythology"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">https://www.academia.edu/4065204/The_Hebrew_Origins_of_Argolian_Mythology</span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Interestingly, the wise Imhotep was said to have the son of Ptah. The Greeks recognized the Egyptian god Ptah as their “Hephaestus,” who had a permanent limp as a result of contending with the chief god, Zeus (cf. Genesis 32:24-32). </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">The image of Ptah is a mummified man (Jacob was mummified. See Genesis 50:2), wearing what modern Egyptologists have called a ‘Punt’ beard (this term was developed for the beard because it resembles the style of beard that Puntites, whom the Egyptians regarded as their ancestors, also wore). In Dr. I. Velikovsky’s theory, Punt is identified as Palestine. (It may better relate to Phoenicia).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ptah is the main god of the city of Memphis, where the “Theology of Memphis” shows a remarkable affinity to the theogony of Genesis. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">[End of quote]</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The ancient gods were largely (though with some exceptions) based upon <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">antediluvian</i> characters, with Ptah-Hephaestus undoubtedly arising from Tubal-cain, the pre-Flood artificer in metals (Genesis 4:22): “…Tubal-Cain, who forged all kinds of tools out of bronze and iron”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The name Tubal-cain is recognizable in the Roman version of Ptah-Hephaestus, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Vulcan.</span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">But later elements were added to the ancient legends, and so it is quite possible that the Egyptians might have considered the father of the genius Joseph-Imhotep as Ptah, but-now-with-a-limp. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Compare this possible situation with the apotheosizing of Paul and Barnabas in Acts 14:11-12: “</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The people saw what Paul did. They called with loud voices in the language of the people of Lycaonia, ‘The gods have become like men and have come down to us’. They said that Barnabas was Jupiter. Paul was called Mercury because he spoke more than Barnabas”.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 22pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Egyptian Influence in Genesis</span></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">As Professor Yahuda explained, Egyptology failed to provide a solution [to the era of composition of the Pentateuch], not because the Egyptian element was lacking but </span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">"only because after the rise of the Graf-Wellhausen school some of the leading Egyptologists accepted its theories without having sufficient knowledge of Hebrew and the Bible </span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">to enable them to take any initiative in these questions".</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">According to what two colleagues and I wrote approximately three decades ago, in an article entitled “A Critical Re-appraisal of the Book of Genesis”, Part Two (SIS <i>C and C Workshop, </i>1987, No. 2, p. 3):</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">….</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">The Graf-Wellhausen system has dominated the field of Biblical research for more than a century, as was explained in Part One. Consequently the entire Pentateuch is considered by scholars to be a late product - even those parts which deal with the "Egyptian Epoch" of Israelite history (<i>i.e</i>. from the Patriarch Joseph to the Exodus). Biblical critics today claim that those narratives which deal with the sojourn of Israel in Egypt were the work of authors who had very little knowledge of Egypt and matters Egyptian [1]. As Professor Yahuda explains, Egyptology failed to provide a solution, not because the Egyptian element was lacking but "only because after the rise of the Graf-Wellhausen school some of the leading Egyptologists accepted its theories without having sufficient knowledge of Hebrew and the Bible to enable them to take any initiative in these questions" [1].</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Due to the fact that the average Egyptologist could find no more than occasional connections between Hebrew and Egyptian because of a lack of expertise in Hebrew, they simply took it for granted that Egyptology had very little to yield for the study of the Bible, as Yahuda points out [1]. Professor Adolf Erman, a renowned Egyptologist, went so far as to affirm that "all that the Old Testament had to say about Egypt could not be regarded with enough suspicion" [2].</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Yahuda explains that such a statement and others like it, coming as they did from Egyptologists of established authority, brought about a situation where students who perhaps might have undertaken to penetrate more deeply into a study of Egyptian-Hebrew relationships were intimidated and deterred from approaching the matter [3]. On the other hand, he says, Biblical critics could always refer to such statements by renowned Egyptologists as being highly authoritative in support of their views on the late origin of the Pentateuch, and the unreliable character of those parts which deal with Egypt.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">The endeavours of those few scholars who dared to go beyond "the limits prescribed by the official view," as Yahuda puts it, "were either ignored altogether or only condescendingly considered, the results of their research being contemptuously rejected as unscientific and even fantastic" [3]. But fortunately for Biblical scholarship Professor Yahuda was not only prepared to be numbered amongst those few daring scholars who did break the bonds of the stifling "official view" of representative Egyptologists, but he was also qualified to do so. He was one of those extremely rare Egyptologists who had a masterful knowledge of classical Hebrew and the Bible as well.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">….</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Notes and References</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">A. S. Yahuda, <i>The Language of the Pentateuch in its Relation to Egyptian</i> (Oxford U. P., 1933), p. i.</span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">2.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">A. Erman, <i>Agypten und agyptisches Leben im Altertum</i> (1885), p. 6.</span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">3.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Yahuda, <i>op. cit.</i>, <i>ibid.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Whilst I may not now agree with professor Yahuda’s explanation afterwards of “The Evolution of the Hebrew Language”, nor of the degree of Egyptian influence upon it - because some of this apparent influence may actually have been from the Hebrew side, instead - his detection of Egyptian idioms in the Joseph history is compelling (“A Critical Re-appraisal”, p. 4):</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Of course the very thought that anything like a literary language or literary activity existed before the complete conquest of Canaan by Joshua and his forces (after the death of Moses) is scoffed at by modern Biblical critics. They cannot accept any view point which does not accord with their notions about the religious evolution in Israel. Thus, as Yahuda writes, everything leads these critics "to a conclusion diametrically opposed to every Biblical statement about the composition of any part of the Pentateuch, and to rank it on linguistic and literary-historical grounds as quite a late product" [4].</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Professor Yahuda throws out a challenge to critics of this sort. If by comparison with the Egyptian it could be proved that the Egyptian influence on Hebrew was "so extensive that the development and perfection of this language can only be accounted for and explained by that influence," then it would be quite clear that it can have happened only in "a common Hebrew-Egyptian environment"! [5] </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Now there was only one period in Israelite history during which the sort of close intimacy necessary for that degree of influence of Egyptian on the Hebrew language prevailed: this was the "Egyptian Epoch" of Israelite history. Yahuda is convinced, therefore, that only in this epoch, from the time of Joseph to Moses, would Hebrew have begun to develop gradually into a literary language, "until it reached the perfection which we encounter in the Pentateuch" [5]. Let us then turn towards Egypt.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">As we are told in the Joseph (Genesis) and Exodus stories, the Israelites spent a long time in Egypt (Exodus 12:40) - in excess of 200 years by any view - as a tribe apart (Exodus 1:8); with their own manners and specific customs (Genesis 43:32); with their own worship (Exodus 5:17); living in a separate area assigned to them in the Delta near the Asiatic border (Genesis 47:6); with their own organisation (Exodus 4:29); as a self-contained entity in the midst of an Egyptian environment [5].</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">In this long period between Joseph and the Exodus, the Israelites "cannot possibly have escaped the influence of Egyptian culture and Egyptian life," Yahuda claims [5]. On the contrary, he believes, in spite of their segregation, that they must have adapted themselves from the start to Egyptian conditions, conceptions and customs [6].</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Moreover, Yahuda submits that the dialect which they brought with them from their Canaanite home could not but have absorbed Egyptian elements in the course of this lengthy period [7], "and in adaptation to the Egyptian have continued to develop, to extend, and even to modify its original grammatical form and syntactical structure" [7]. But, he adds, any attempt to decide these questions, however, depends upon the following points:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(a) those constituents of the language which reveal a higher cultural level must reveal the spirit and style of Egyptian if it is to be taken as conclusive that it was under the influence of Egyptian that "Hebrew soared from a primitive Canaanite dialect into a literary language" [7].</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(b) this influence must also be extensive and distinctly traceable in all matters dealt with in Genesis so that there can be no question of mere accident or of a faint influence reminiscent of a dim past [7].</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Professor Yahuda goes on to explain that in a more special sense the dependence of one language upon another is revealed chiefly in the following phenomena:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(1) In the adoption of <i>loan-words</i>,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(2) In the coinage of <i>new words and expressions</i>, technical terms, turns of speech, metaphors, and phrases quite in the spirit of, and even in literal accordance with, the other language, "in which case the characteristic of such new formations is that they are alien to the spirit of the adopting language and to the conceptions and institutions of the people speaking it - but reflecting throughout the spirit of the other language and the conditions of the alien environment" [7].</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(3) In the adoption of grammatical elements and adaption to some syntactical rules of the alien language, so that even in structure and style there is a close assimilation in many respects [7].</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Notes and References</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">4.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibid.</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, p. xxxi.</span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">5.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibid.</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, p. xxxii.</span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">6.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibid.</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Note: see Genesis 50:2f and 11, also Exodus 1:16.</span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">7.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibid.</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, p.xxxiii.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> With Yahuda’s thesis well in mind, the question then needed to be asked (“A Critical Re-appraisal”, pp. 4-5):</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">But What of the Akkadian Influence?</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">One of the main reasons why modern Biblical scholars cling to the theory that the Book of Genesis, in the main, was written around the period of the Babylonian Exile [9], hundreds of years after Moses' death, is because parts of the book contain clear Assyrian and Babylonian elements. Assyriologists have rightly concluded that some parts of Genesis must have originated in a period when the Israelites (or Hebrews) were connected closely with Mesopotamia. As is well known, according to the Bible there were two periods during which the Israelites were in immediate contact with Mesopotamia:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the first in the time of the Patriarchs (<i>e.g</i>. Noah to Jacob), before the time of Moses, and </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the second during the Babylonian Exile of the 6th and 5th centuries B.C. </span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mackey’s comment</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: More recently, I have shifted to the view that the biblical “Shinar” was, not Sumer in southern Mesopotamia (as I had thought when co-authoring this 1987 article), but rather the Sinjar region of NE Syria. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If so, then this would lessen even further the Babylonian influence over Genesis: See e.g. my:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/8608280/Tightening_the_Geography_and_Archaeology_for_Early_Genesis"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Tightening the Geography and Archaeology for Early Genesis</span></a></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/34936691/Tightening_the_Geography_and_Archaeology_for_Early_Genesis"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/34936691/Tightening_the_Geography_and_Archaeology_for_Early_Genesis</span></a></span><span style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">and: </span></div>
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<span style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/18955800/Tightening_the_Geography_and_Archaeology_for_Early_Genesis._Part_Two_The_Epoch_of_Gilgamesh"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/18955800/Tightening_the_Geography_and_Archaeology_for_Early_Genesis._Part_Two_The_Epoch_of_Gilgamesh</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Getting back to the article (pp. 4-6):</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Now the point which we wish to emphasise as regards this - and it is a <i>very</i> important point - can be seen in the following passage written by Yahuda:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Whereas those books of Sacred Scripture which were admittedly written during and after the Babylonian Exile reveal in language and style such an unmistakable Babylonian influence that these newly-entered foreign elements leap to the eye, by contrast in the first part of the Book of Genesis, which describes the earlier Babylonian period, <i>the Babylonian influence in the language is so minute as to be almost non-existent</i>." [10]</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is an amazing fact that where there are similar details in the Genesis account of Creation and in the Akkadian myths, almost without exception the Akkadian uses different words and expressions from the Hebrew. Yahuda notes that, whilst some Akkadian words and expressions are used in the Hebrew, <i>they do not occur in the Genesis story</i> [11]. Therefore, any attempt to argue for a so-called strong literary or linguistic "dependence" of the Genesis stories on the Akkadian myths can have no convincing proof to support it. If such a close dependence actually existed, Yahuda argues, one would expect such Akkadian words which are frequent in all Akkadian creation and flood stories, "to be preferentially and in a much higher degree represented in the Genesis stories" [11].</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But it is quite another matter when we come to consider the dependence of the Genesis narratives on Egyptian. Whilst, perhaps, we may have expected a strong Egyptian influence in that part of the Book of Genesis which deals with Joseph and the "Egyptian Epoch" of Israel (i.e. Genesis chapters 39-50), we find that <i>the entire book</i> is saturated with Egyptian elements. The Egyptian influence is to be found even in the pre-Egyptian Epoch (<i>i.e</i>. Genesis chapters 1-38), though it builds up to a crescendo in the Joseph narrative. In the pre-Egyptian part of Genesis, Egyptian loanwords occur, as do idioms and phrases considered by Biblical scholars as being typical of this portion of Genesis, but which can be explained only from Egyptian.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Added to these, according to Yahuda, are "other highly significant Egyptian influences on the composition, style and mode of narration," and on many conceptions concerning the well-known stories of Genesis such as the Creation, the Flood, and even the Tower of Babel. One can only conclude, he says, "that the whole pre-Egyptian narrative, too, was written from an Egyptian perspective" [12].</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Egyptian Elements </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[</span></b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mackey’s comment</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: I may not necessarily agree now that all of Yahuda’s presumed ‘Egyptian’ influences here had originated with Egypt]</span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">… In the Creation Story</span></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Hebrew word '<i>bereshith</i>' with which the Creation story begins, is found on closer examination to be an exact adaptation to the Egyptian expression '<i>tpy.t</i>' for earliest time, "primeval time." Just as '<i>bereshith</i>' is formed from the Hebrew word for "head," so also is the Egyptian word formed from the word for "head" [13].</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Hebrew word for "heaven" occurs only in the <i>plural</i> form. This is all the more remarkable as its stem is the basic root from which the conception "heaven" is formed in all Semitic languages, yet it is only in Hebrew that "heaven" is used in the plural form. Now such a conception was quite familiar to the Egyptians, says Yahuda, for they accordingly spoke of '<i>p.ty</i>' "two heavens!" [14]</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Hebrew word '<i>tehom</i>' for primeval deep, which is also used in the Flood story, has long been regarded by scholars as being an Akkadian (Assyrian) loan-word. Nevertheless, Yahuda considers it necessary to investigate whether the more or less unanimous interpretation of this word given by Assyriologists is at all tenable and, if not, what is the real meaning of '<i>tehom</i>', and consequently what place does it occupy in the Genesis story of Creation? [15]</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Assyriologists and almost all of the modern Biblical critics, he says, still take for granted that '<i>tehom</i>' is identical with '<i>tiamat</i>', the name of the dragon of darkness which the god Marduk slew in bitter conflict before the creation of the world [15]. But, he goes on to say, "the positiveness with which this assumption is put forward, and the stubbornness with which it is maintained, are based on no intrinsic or philologically well-founded facts; since, besides the similarity of sound of 'tehom' with 'tiamat', no other proofs for such an identification can be put forward" [15]. The argument that '<i>tehom</i>' must be identified with 'tiamat' because like the latter it is feminine, is untenable, says Yahuda, "for the simple reason that in our particular passage the gender of 'tehom' is not apparent, and further because there are examples of its being used in the masculine as a poetical expression for sea" [16].</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Both Yahuda and Wiseman would concur that this whole approach to Biblical interpretation is due to "mythologising tendencies" which, employing all possible and impossible kinds of combinations, in Procrustean fashion, seek to work into the Genesis stories - and even into the narratives of the Patriarchs - features and elements drawn from the Babylonian myths which are absolutely remote from and completely alien to the Hebrew spirit. One only has to compare the Genesis account of Creation with the Babylonian one to realise how intrinsically different they are: The two accounts are as follows:</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Bible</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Babylonian Creation Tablets</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Light</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Birth of the gods, their rebellion and threatened destruction.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">2</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Atmosphere and water</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">2</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Tiamat prepares for battle. Marduk agrees to fight her.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">3</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Land, vegetation</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">3</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">The gods are summoned and wail bitterly at their threatened destruction.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">4</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Sun and Moon (regulating lights) length; defeats Tiamat, splits her in half like a fish and thus makes heaven and earth.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">4</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Marduk promoted to rank of 'god'; he receives his weapons for the fight. These are described at</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">5</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Fish and birds</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">5</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Astronomical poem.</span></span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-image: none; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;" valign="top"><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">6</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Land animals</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">6</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Kingu who made Tiamat to rebel is bound and, as a punishment, his arteries are severed and man created from his blood. The 600 gods are grouped; Marduk builds Babylon where all the gods assemble.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">A comparison of the two accounts shows clearly that the Bible owes nothing whatever to the Babylonian tablets, despite the efforts of commentators to make us believe that whoever wrote this portion of Genesis was borrowing from these corrupted Mesopotamian myths. If we rely solely on the text of Genesis, without being biased by the Babylonian mythology, we find no trace of any contest with a living monster in the sense of the Babylonian myth of the fight of the gods. Thus there in no intrinsic ground whatever for the identification of '<i>tehom</i>' with '<i>tiamat</i>'. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Here '<i>tehom</i>' means nothing else but the primeval water, that ocean which filled the chaos, says Yahuda [16]. This is clearly shown, he stresses, by its context as part of the phrase "on the face of the waters" (Genesis 1:2), "which unmistakably indicates the real nature of '<i>tehom</i>' as water" [16].</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">From this Yahuda concludes that ('<i>tehom</i>') ought to be identified philologically with a different Akkadian word. It is not ('<i>tiamat</i>'), but ('<i>tamtu</i>'), with which ('<i>tehom</i>') is identical [16]. The Akkadian word ('<i>tamtu</i>') often occurs - not only in creation myths, but also in many other kinds of myths - most distinctly in the sense of primal ocean, exactly like ('<i>tehom</i>') "and not as the personification of any divinity like ('tiamat')" [16].</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">… In the Paradise Story</span></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">We recall that in the Garden of Eden there was "every tree that is pleasant to the sight and good for food" (Genesis 2:9). Likewise, in the Egyptian "Fields" '<i>sh.wt</i>', and in the "Garden of God" '<i>k3n ntr</i>', there were all kinds of trees with sweet fruits such as sycamores, figs, dates and vines, as well as other "lovely trees" '<i>ht ndm</i>' [17].</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Of most importance for us, however, is the fact that among the trees of the Egyptian Paradise was also the "Tree of Life", says Yahuda [17]. The idea that the food of the gods was also the food for eternal life is quite natural and was not confined to Egypt, he says [18]. This idea was also common to the mythology of the Babylonians. But whereas the Akkadian expression '<i>akãl balãti</i>', "Food of Life," is quite different from the Hebrew, Yahuda explains, the Egyptian '<i>ht n 'nh</i>', "Tree of Life," "corresponds literally with the Hebrew phrase in Genesis 2:9 [18].</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Another expression common to Egyptian and Hebrew is that found in Genesis 3:14 when God says to the serpent, "upon your belly you shall go." Yahuda points out that this is the same expression used for reptiles in Leviticus 11:42 as well, where "it is a distinctive denomination for a special category of animals" [19]. It corresponds exactly, he says, "to the elliptic expression" in Egyptian '<i>hry h.t-f</i>' "that (which goes) on its belly" for snakes and reptiles generally. Again, a very remarkable parallel to the condemnation of the serpent to the eating of dust is provided in the Egyptian verse: "Behold their sustenance (or food) shall be (Geb or) dust '<i>m.k grt ir hr.t-sn ntf pw</i>'." [19].</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">… In the Flood Story</span></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Yahuda believes that no more striking evidence in support of his thesis that the Babylonian stories are later versions of the Hebrew originals is to be found in the story of the Flood. The Flood story is not told by Noah, according to Wiseman's explanation. Noah's account concludes at Genesis 6:9, "These are the generations of Noah," immediately <i>before</i> the account of the Flood. It is the three sons of Noah - Shem, Ham and Japheth - who record the story of the Flood and who, like Noah, were eye-witnesses of that great catastrophe.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">To begin with, the most characteristic fact is that for the chief feature of the whole story, the Ark, neither an Akkadian word is used, says Yahuda, nor the Canaanite one current elsewhere in the Bible [20]. Instead a Hebrew word, in which the Egyptian word '<i>db.t</i>', "box, coffer, chest," has been recognised, is used by the writer. Yahuda exclaims: "It is astonishing that a narrative supposedly set in Babylonia, uses for the Ark an Egyptian loan-word!" [20]</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">As, however, the same Hebrew word also occurs in the story of the finding of the infant Moses (Exodus 2:3), a comparison of both passages at once suggests itself. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Such a comparison is all the more instructive for our whole thesis as, on the one hand, it clearly reveals the Egyptian character of the Flood narrative, and, on a secondary level, shows how much more powerfully Egyptian influences prevailed in the Exodus narrative.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mackey’s comment</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: For the story of Moses as, in part, ‘a miniature Flood story’, see my:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/19896087/_Why_this_mountain_Part_Two_Noah_and_Moses"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">“Why this mountain?” Part Two: Noah and Moses</span></span></a></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1f4e79; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/19896087/_Why_this_mountain_Part_Two_Noah_and_Moses"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">https://www.academia.edu/19896087/_Why_this_mountain_Part_Two_Noah_and_Moses</span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1f4e79; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Back again to “A Critical Re-appraisal”, pp. 6-7:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">…. Whilst on the subject of the Flood, it will be instructive to revert back for a moment to Wiseman's theory of the <i>Toledoth</i>, so as to answer a major query raised by the documentists. If Wiseman is correct, then how do we account for the fact (<i>sic</i>) that commentators of the Graf-Wellhausen persuasion have discovered two accounts - or even three accounts in the case of J. Astruc - of the Flood story interwoven into the text of Genesis chapter 7?</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 14.4pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Wiseman has no difficulty whatever in answering this query which easily is explained by the <i>Toledoth</i> theory itself. Chapter 7 of Genesis is, as we saw, part of Tablet (series) 4, written, or owned, by Noah's <i>three</i> sons, Shem, Ham and Japheth, and signed by them [21]. Their story is taken up almost entirely with the account of the Flood of which they were the only eye-witnesses. Wiseman notes that this story of the Flood "has received considerable attention from the documentists who assert that it was borrowed from Babylonia" [22]. Astruc, insisting that it contained "three accounts," instanced such repetitious passages as:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Genesis Chapter 7, verse 18 "And the waters prevailed, and were increased greatly upon the earth."</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">19 "And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth."</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">20 "Fifteen cubits upwards did the waters prevail.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Also, verse 21 "And all flesh died that moved upon the face of the earth."</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">22 "All in whose nostrils was the breath of life and all that was in the dry land died."</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">23 "And every living substance was destroyed."</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">It is sufficient here to note with Wiseman "two significant facts":</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">first, the conclusion of the tablet informs us that more than one person is connected with the writings of the narrative, "for it is the history of the three sons of Noah" [23], </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">second, an examination of the story reveals every indication that it was written by several eye-witnesses of the tragedy [24]. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Notes and References</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9. 700 years after Moses by even the most conservative estimate.</span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10. Yahuda, <i>op. cit.</i>, p.xxix.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11. <i>Ibid.</i>, p.107.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12. <i>Ibid.</i>, p.xxix.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13. <i>Ibid.</i>, p.122.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14. <i>Ibid.</i>, p.123.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15. <i>Ibid.</i>, p.127.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16. <i>Ibid.</i>, p.128.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17. <i>Ibid.</i>, p.192.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18. <i>Ibid.</i>, p.193.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19. <i>Ibid.</i>, p.204.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20. <i>Ibid.</i>, p.205.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">21. L. Ginzberg, <i>The Legends of the Jews</i>, vol.V (Philadelphia 1955), pp.196-197.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">22. P. J. Wiseman, <i>Ancient Records and the Structure of Genesis</i> (Thomas Nelson, 1985), p.92.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">23. <i>Ibid.</i>, p.93.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">24. <i>Ibid.</i>, p.100. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">….</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 20pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jacob Blesses Pharaoh</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i></div>
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<i><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></sup></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Then Joseph brought his father Jacob in and presented him before Pharaoh. After Jacob blessed Pharaoh, Pharaoh asked him, ‘How old are you?’</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And Jacob said to Pharaoh, ‘The years of my pilgrimage are a hundred and thirty. My years have been few and difficult, and they do not equal the years of the pilgrimage of my fathers’. </span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Then Jacob blessed Pharaoh and went out from his presence.</span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Genesis 47:7-10</span></i></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Continuing on with “A Critical Re-appraisal of the Book of Genesis”, from Part Two we arrive at the era of Joseph (SIS <i>C and C Workshop, </i>pp. 7-8):</span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">… In the Joseph Narrative</span></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The important story of Joseph and his rise to governorship of Egypt occupies almost one quarter of the entire Book of Genesis. Because the narrative is set largely in Egypt, it is most significant from the point of view of our thesis. The fact is that the Joseph narrative is saturated with Egyptian elements, a full appreciation of which one would gain only from reading right through Yahuda's book [25]. Again we only can summarise some of the most striking examples.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The "kernel of the Joseph narrative," Yahuda notes, is his appointment as Grand Vizier to Pharaoh [26]. For this office, Genesis 41:43 gives a Hebrew word containing a root which has the meaning "to do twice, to repeat, to double," in the sense that Joseph represented in relation to the king a sort of "double," acting as his deputy, "invested with all the rights and prerogatives of the king". Yahuda explains that exactly in the same way the Egyptian word '<i>sn.nw</i>', "deputy" was formed from '<i>sn</i>', "two" [26]. In the same verse, the command is given for all "to bow the knee" before Joseph. The Hebrew word, which is probably an imperative, is generally considered to have been taken from an Egyptian word [27].</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Joseph was called "Father to Pharaoh," and, according to Yahuda, the Hebrew expression '<i>Ab</i>', "father," is a reproduction of the Egyptian title '<i>itf</i>', "father," a very common priestly title, and one borne also by viziers [28]. For instance the wise and celebrated vizier of the Fifth Dynasty, Ptah-hotep - who incidentally, like Joseph, may have lived for 110 years - "referred to himself as '<i>itf ntr mryy-ntr</i>', "father of god, the beloved of god" [29]," Yahuda explains [30].</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At the beginning of his conversation with Joseph, Pharaoh says: "I have had a dream... I have heard that you understand a dream to interpret it" (Genesis 40:15). For "understand" the Hebrew has the verb to "hear": "you hear a dream" - a usage which has been so difficult for commentators, says Yahuda, but which corresponds entirely to the Egyptian use of '<i>sdm</i>', "to hear" or "to understand" [31].</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In Genesis 41:40, Pharaoh says to Joseph, literally, "According to your mouth shall my people kiss." Again this verse has been a headache for commentators and translators, as the verb to "kiss" seems to be completely out of place, Yahuda says [31]. But on comparison with Egyptian, he explains, "kiss" proves to be "a correct and thoroughly exact reproduction of what the narrator really meant to convey. Here an expression is rendered in Hebrew from a <i>metaphorical</i> one used in polished speech among the Egyptians" [31]. Instead of the ordinary colloquial expression '<i>wnm</i>' for "eating," the Egyptians spoke of "kissing" '<i>sn</i>' the food. Our passage thus is to be taken literally, says Yahuda, "but in the sense of the Egyptian metaphor" [32]. Pharaoh is saying to Joseph "by your orders shall my people feed," whereby Pharaoh simply meant that the feeding of the whole country would be regulated solely "by the measures and ordinances of Joseph" [32].</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Court Expressions of Deference</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Addressing the Egyptian king in the third person: "Pharaoh was angry with his servants" (Genesis 41:10): "Let Pharaoh do this" (41:33), and many other such passages, corresponds entirely to the court etiquette of old Egypt and is wholly official. This usage dates back to ancient times, and so we read in a letter addressed in the name of Pharaoh Pepi II of the Old Kingdom of Egypt: "... your letter to the king in the palace so that <i>one</i> (= the king) should know" [33]. A characteristic formula also is the phrase recurring in several passages of Genesis: "in the face of Pharaoh," or "from the face of Pharaoh" (e.g. Genesis 47:2, 7 and 41:6), meaning "before Pharaoh" [34]. According to Yahuda, this corresponds completely to hierarchic court custom, whereby one might not speak to his Majesty '<i>r hm-f</i>', "to his face," but only 'in the face of his Majesty" '<i>m hr hm-f</i>' [34]. The same respectful expression was used for viziers, and so we have the phrase "before Joseph's face" (Genesis 43:15 and 34).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yahuda tells us that a very peculiar form of expression which has often been noted, but remained unexplained, is the Hebrew word for "lord" <i>in the plural</i>, with reference to either Pharaoh or Joseph [35]. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thus, for instance, a literal translation of Genesis 40:1 would read: "the butler of the king of 'the two lands' (<i>i.</i>e. Egypt) and his baker offended <i>their lords</i>," instead of their "lord" in the singular. The same ceremonious turn of speech occurs also in Genesis 42:30 and 33 with reference to Joseph. Now we find that already in quite ancient times, again in the Old Kingdom of Egypt, Pharaoh, besides being referred to as '<i>nb</i>' "lord," in the singular, also is spoken of as '<i>nb. wy</i>' in the plural [35].</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We could multiply passage upon passage as regards the Egyptian influence in the language of the Book of Genesis, but we shall content ourselves with just one more example. This is that difficult passage in Genesis chapter 47 describing Jacob's first meeting with Pharaoh. One line in particular has defied interpretation by commentators who did not consider to look for the solution in the Egyptian records. To Pharaoh's question to Jacob: "How many are the days of the years of your life?", Jacob replies in the following enigmatic fashion: "The days of the years of my sojournings are 130 years; few and evil have been the days of the years of my life" (Genesis 47:9).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Let us see first what a modern Biblical expert has to say about this exchange. Eugene Maly, the expert on Genesis in the <i>Jerome Biblical Commentary</i>, whom we met briefly in Part One, ascribes this portion of Genesis to the Priestly tradition again, or P. Now his only comment on this peculiar and difficult dialogue between Jacob and Pharaoh is that "The presentation of Jacob to Pharaoh is narrated by P with a sobriety that gives it a touch of grandeur" [36]. No attempt to explain the meaning of the words: nor does he show the least awareness that a great part of the language in the Joseph narrative is modelled on set formulae and expressions used in Egyptian court and official parlance as customary, or even prescribed, in Egyptian hierarchic circles, especially in conversation with exalted persons and the Pharaoh.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But getting back to the meaning of Jacob's reply, for which undoubtedly he was primed by his son Joseph, we gather from Egyptian texts that his words were purely a formal convention with no literal meaning [37] but, in the light of Egyptian court etiquette, so rich in the niceties of speech, quite appropriate and well chosen. As Yahuda puts it, "such remarks as Jacob's, coming from the lips of a foreigner, must have appeared to Pharaoh and his court as being very tactful and thoughtful" [38].</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We pointed out in Part One that Joseph's story, the longest in the Book of Genesis, neither contains any catch-line phrases nor concludes with a <i>Toledoth</i> colophon. Does this fact severely damage our thesis? On the contrary, it enhances it! The explanation again is very simple. Unlike the Babylonians and Assyrians, the Egyptians - under whose influence the Israelites were living by the time of Joseph - used neither of these literary methods of catch-lines or "Toledoths." The Egyptians did not write on clay tables, but on papyrus rolls, and hence their literary methods were quite different from the Mesopotamians. In typically Egyptian fashion, the story of Joseph ends with his death and <i>embalming</i>, not with the colophon ending of the other Patriarchs. It is quite consistent with our thesis, therefore, that the Joseph narrative should be devoid of these Mesopotamian literary techniques.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Notes and References</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25. Yahuda, <i>op. cit.</i>, p.3-99.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">26. <i>Ibid.</i>, p.20.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">27. E.g. in Langenscheidt's Pocket Dictionary. But W. W. Hallo, <i>Biblical Archaeologist</i> 46 (1983), p.25, disagrees with this. He claims that the Hebrew '<i>Abrekh</i>' = Akkadian '<i>Abarakku</i>,' a fact which he says dates the Joseph story to the Assyrian period. In reply we might say that, even were the equation accurate (and some think it very doubtful), our article demonstrates that Genesis is more ancient than the Mesopotamian texts; so it would be the Assyrians who were doing the borrowing.<br /> 28. Yahuda, <i>op. cit.</i>, p.23.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">29. Papyrus Prisse, ed. Devaud, p.17, 43 (= Lit., p.56 n.1).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30. Yahuda, <i>op. cit.</i>, p.24.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">31. <i>Ibid.</i>, p.7.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">32. <i>Ibid.</i>, p.8.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">33. J. H. Breasted, <i>Ancient Records of Egypt</i> (Chicago, 1906-7), i. 351.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">34. Yahuda, <i>op. cit.</i>, p.13.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">35. <i>Ibid.</i>, p.14.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">36. <i>JBC</i> 47:9.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">37. Prisse Dev., p.52, 640f. = Lit. 65.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">38. Yahuda, <i>op. cit.</i>, p.17.</span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jacob and Joseph were not ‘godly’ Christian gentlemen</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is a mistake to impose, as Creationists are wont to do, modern religious and scientific standards upon the Genesis worldview and its characters. We saw, from Jacob’s reply to Pharaoh, that the Patriarch was prepared to defer to some degree to Egyptian court etiquette. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And, in the Book of Daniel, the young Jews are given pagan names.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Now Creationist, Patrick Clarke, who has argued for an Eleventh Dynasty location for Joseph, based on the name given to him by Pharaoh: <i>Zaphenath Paaneah </i>(Genesis 41:45), is critical of Dr. David Down’s identification of Joseph with a Twelfth Dynasty high official, Mentuhotep, since this is a non “godly” name: </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Down’s choice of Mentuhotep is all the more surprising given that this specifically (and popular) Middle Kingdom name means <i>Content is Mentu</i>. How happy would the godly Joseph have been to bear the name of the Egyptian god of war? Sesostris I was served by a Mentuhotep and this official is one of the best attested from the Middle Kingdom. He was</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘Overseer of all Royal Works’ and this included overseeing Sesostris’ construction projects at the Temple of Amun in Karnak; again the question must be asked, ‘How happy would the godly Joseph have been to oversee work that glorified the god Amun?’</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In my scheme, this Mentuhotep is an actual candidate for Moses:</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/11915103/Moses_-_May_be_Staring_Revisionists_Right_in_the_Face"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Moses - May be Staring Revisionists Right in the Face</span></a></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #1f4e79; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/11915103/Moses_-_May_be_Staring_Revisionists_Right_in_the_Face"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/11915103/Moses_-_May_be_Staring_Revisionists_Right_in_the_Face</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Clarke dismisses the stand-out candidate for Joseph, Imhotep, for the same reason of ‘godliness’:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wyatt creates far greater problems by linking Joseph to the famous Imhotep. Firstly, Wyatt, like several other supporters of this idea, believes that Imhotep’s name means ‘he who comes in peace’. Imhotep’s name is attested on the base of a statue of Zoser as <i>iy m ḥtp </i>unearthed at Saqarra. Certainly there is a verb <i>ii m ḥtp </i>but the very manner that Imhotep’s name was written indicates a different meaning to that claimed. The sign M18 is vocalized as <i>iy</i>, which is an epithet of the god Horus (all the Egyptian gods and goddesses had multiple epithets which people incorporated into their personal names); the sign G17 signifies <i>who is</i>; the sign R4 is <i>hotep </i>which means <i>content</i>. Brought together, Imhotep translates as <i>Content is Horus </i>(lit. Horus who is content). Again the question must be asked, ‘How happy would the godly Joseph have been to bear the name of the Egyptian sky god, Horus?’</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[End of quotes]</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="thm"></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Whilst I, from the biblical trend as discussed, would not agree with Clarke in these two cases, I find that he has made an excellent case for Joseph, and his name, in the context of the Eleventh Dynasty – an era that is not out of the question in my scheme, based on the following Table </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Patriarch</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Old Kingdom</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Archaeology</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black; border-image: none; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Abraham</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">0-I</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">X (?)</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">EBI</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Joseph</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">[II]- III</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">XI</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">EBII</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black; border-image: none; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Moses</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">IV-VI</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">XII (XIII)</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">EBIII</span></span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black; border-image: none; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Joshua (Conquest)</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">MBI on EB III/IV</span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Anarchy in Egypt</span></span></i></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">VII-IX (?)</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">XIII-XVII</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">aligning the Eleventh Dynasty with the Third Dynasty. </span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">This (still tentative) Table first appeared in my:</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Archaeological Parameters for Patriarch Joseph in Egypt. Part Two: Re-aligning Egypt’s Kingdoms</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #1f4e79; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/20046740/Archaeological_Parameters_for_Patriarch_Joseph_in_Egypt._Part_Two_Re-aligning_Egypt_s_Kingdoms"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">https://www.academia.edu/20046740/Archaeological_Parameters_for_Patriarch_Joseph_in_Egypt._Part_Two_Re-aligning_Egypt_s_Kingdoms</span></span></a></span></div>
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AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-52284424207844037372019-07-15T17:11:00.003-07:002019-07-15T17:12:19.825-07:00Zodiac depicted at Göbekli Tepe?<br />
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 36pt;"><img alt="Vulture-Stone" class="media-image cboxElement" height="444" src="https://www.ancient-origins.net/sites/default/files/Vulture-Stone.jpg" style="height: 444px; width: 263px;" typeof="foaf:Image" width="263" /></span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 36pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 36pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 8pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;"> </span></i></span></i></span></i></span></i></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.3pt 1.3pt 0pt 0in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">“From the last chapter the reader will recall Michael Rappengluck’s work
on the zodiacal constellation of Taurus, depicted at Lascaux some 17,000 years
ago as an auroch (ancient</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">species of wild cattle) with the
six visible stars of the Pleiades on its shoulder”.</i></span></div>
<div align="center" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></i></b></div>
<div align="center" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU">Graham Hancock</span></i></b></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU"> </span></i></b></div>
<div style="margin: 0in -2.3pt 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in -2.3pt 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in -2.3pt 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Already I (Damien
Mackey) touched upon some of Michael Rappengluck’s archaeoastronomical insights
about the Lascaux cave depictions in the first of my multi-part series: </span></div>
<div align="center" style="margin: 0in -2.3pt 0pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div align="center" style="margin: 0in -2.3pt 0pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/38355575/So-called_Paleolithic_man_was_not_dumb._Part_One_Long_cultural_tradition_of_sky_watching"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;">So-called Paleolithic man was not
dumb. Part One: Long cultural tradition of sky watching</span></a></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div align="center" style="margin: 0in -2.3pt 0pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/38355575/So-called_Paleolithic_man_was_not_dumb._Part_One_Long_cultural_tradition_of_sky_watching"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/38355575/So-called_Paleolithic_man_was_not_dumb._Part_One_Long_cultural_tradition_of_sky_watchin</span></a>g</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #1f4e79; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div align="center" style="margin: 0in -2.3pt 0pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #1f4e79; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div align="center" style="margin: 0in -2.3pt 0pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-AU"><a href="https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiUmcTUkLjjAhVEYysKHYJUD2kQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fjennarations%2Flascaux-cave-art&psig=AOvVaw3072BD_V0n3xb-8EVpU3Ca&ust=1563321509584170" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a></span><br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0in -2.3pt 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU"><span lang="EN-AU">The date for Lascaux
as given here by Graham Hancock in his book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Magicians
of the Gods</i> (2015), I personally would consider to be thousands of years too
early. </span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in -2.3pt 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU">That same book I
was reading - and generally enjoying - last night and came upon this section
most relevant to my series and to the findings of Michael Rappengluck:</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in -2.3pt 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Neolithic
puzzle</span></b></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">[Paul]
Burley’s paper is entitl<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_bookmark0"></a>ed “Göbekli Tepe: Te<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_bookmark3"></a>mples Communicating an <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_bookmark2"></a>Ancient
Cos<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_bookmark1"></a>mic Geography.” He wrote it originally in June 2011
… in February 2013 he asked me to read his paper, which he said concerned
“evidence of a zodiac on one of the pillars at Göbekli Tepe.” I read it,
replied that I found it “very persuasive and interesting, with significant
implications” ….</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">“Significant
implications,” I now realize as I read through the paper again in my hotel room
in Şanl<sub>I</sub>urfa, was a huge understatement. But I didn’t make my first
visit to Göbekli Tepe until September 2013 and by then, clearly, I’d forgotten
the gist of Burley’s argument, which focuses almost exclusively on Enclosure D
and on the very pillar, Pillar 43, that I’d been most interested in when I was
there. </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">My
interest in it had been sparked by Belmonte’s suggestion that the relief
carving of a scorpion near its base (which the reader will recall was hidden by
rubble that Schmidt refused to allow me to move) might be a representation of
the zodiacal constellation of Scorpio. ….</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Here’s
where he gets to his point:</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">One
of the limestone pillars [in Enclosure D] includes a scene in bas relief on the
upper portion of one of its sides. There is a bird with outstretched wings, two
smaller birds, a scorpion, a snake, a circle, and a number of wavy lines and
cord-like features. At first glance this lithified menagerie appears to be
simply a hodgepodge of animals and geometrical designs randomly placed to fill
in the broad side of the pillar.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.65pt;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The
key to unlocking this early Neolithic puzzle is the circle situated at the center
of the scene. I am immediately reminded of the cosmic Father—the Sun. The next
clues are the scorpion facing up toward the sun, and the large bird seemingly
holding the sun upon its outstretched wing. In fact the sun figure appears to
be located accurately on the ecliptic with respect to the familiar
constellation of Scorpio, although the scorpion on the pillar occupies only the
left portion, or head, of our modern conception of that constellation. As such
the sun symbol is located as close to the galactic center as it can be on the
ecliptic as it crosses the galactic plane.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">….</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Burley
then presents a graphic that “illustrates the crossing of the galactic plane of
the Milky Way near the center of the galaxy, with several familiar
constellations nearby.” A second graphic shows the same view with the addition
of the ancient constellations represented on the pillar:</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 20.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 30.5pt 0pt 0.5in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Note
that the outstretched wings, sun, bird legs and snake all appear to be oriented
to emphasize<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>sun’s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;">
</span>path<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>along<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>ecliptic<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>…<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>The<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>similarity<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>bas<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>relief<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>the
crossing of the ecliptic and galactic equator at the center of the Milky Way is
difficult to reject, supporting the possibility that humans recognized and
documented the precession of the equinoxes thousands of years earlier than is
generally accepted by scholars … Göbekli <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_bookmark5"></a>Tepe was
built as a symbolic sphere communicating a very ancient understanding of world
and cosmic geography. Why this knowledge was intentionally buried soon
afterward remains a mystery.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 30.5pt 0pt 0.5in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">….</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 2.5pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Chapter 15: The Place of Creation"></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">As I sit in my hotel room in Şanl<sub>I</sub>urfa in July
2014 spinning the skies on my computer screen, I’m coming more and more to the
conclusion that Paul Burley has had a genius insight about the scene on Pillar
43 at Göbekli Tepe. Burley’s language in his paper is careful—almost diffident.
As we saw in Chapter Fourteen, he says that “the sun figure appears to be
located accurately on the ecliptic with respect to the familiar constellation
of Scorpio.” He speaks of other “familiar constellations” nearby. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 2.5pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">And he draws our attention to the
large bird—the vulture—“seemingly holding the sun upon an outstretched wing.” </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 2.5pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">He does not say which constellation
he believes the vulture represents, but the graphics he includes to reinforce
his argument leave no room for doubt that he regards it as an ancient
representation of the constellation of Sagittarius. ….</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.3pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.65pt;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 102%;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.3pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">We’ve already seen that there is
evidence for the identification of constellations going far back into the Ice
Age, some of which were portrayed in those remote times in forms that are
recognizable to us today. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.3pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">From the last chapter the reader will
recall Michael Rappengluck’s work on the zodiacal constellation of Taurus,
depicted at Lascaux some 17,000 years ago as an auroch (ancient species of wild
cattle) with the six visible stars of the Pleiades on its shoulder.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.35pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.65pt;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 102%;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.35pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">Acknowledging such surprising
continuities in the ways that some constellations are depicted does not mean
that all the constellations we are familiar with now have always been depicted
in the same way by all cultures at all periods of history. This is very far
from being the case. Constellations are subject to sometimes radical change
depending on which imaginary figures different cultures choose to project upon
the sky. For example, the Mesopotamian constellation of the Bull of Heaven and
the modern constellation of Taurus share the Hyades cluster as the head, but in
other respects are very different. ….<span style="color: #0000ed; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Likewise the
Mesopotamian constellation of the Bow and Arrow is built from stars in the
constellations that we call Argo and Canis Major, with the star Sirius as the
tip of the arrow. The Chinese also have a Bow and Arrow constellation built
from pretty much the same stars but the arrow is shorter, with Sirius forming
not the tip but the target. ….</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.35pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 102%;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.15pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">Even when constellation boundaries
remain the same from culture to culture, the ways in which those constellations
are seen can be very different. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.15pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">Thus the Ancient Egyptians knew the
constellation that we call the Great Bear, but represented it as the foreleg of
a bull. They saw the Little Bear (Ursa Minor) as a jackal. They depicted the
zodiacal constellation of Cancer as a scarab beetle. The constellation of
Draco, which we see as a dragon, was figured by the Ancient Egyptians as a
hippopotamus with a crocodile on its back. ….</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.15pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0000ed; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 102%; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.15pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">There can therefore be no objection
in principle to the suggestion that the constellation we call Sagittarius, “the
Archer”—and depict as a centaur man-horse hybrid holding a bow with arrow
drawn—could have been seen by the builders of Göbekli Tepe as a vulture with
outstretched wings.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.15pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 102%;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.25pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">I spend hours on Stellarium toggling
back and forth between the sky of 9600 <sub>BC</sub> and the sky of our own
epoch, focusing on the region between Sagittarius and Scorpio—the region Burley
believes is depicted on Pillar 43—and looking at the relationship of the sun to
these background constellations.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.25pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 102%;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.45pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">The first thing that becomes clear to
me is that a vulture with outstretched wings makes a <i>very good </i>figure of
Sagittarius; indeed it’s a much better, more intuitive and more obvious way to
represent the central part of this constellation than the centaur/archer that
we have inherited from the Mesopotamians and the Greeks. This central part of
Sagittarius (minus the centaur’s legs and tail) happens to contain its
brightest stars and forms an easily recognized asterism often called the
“Teapot” by astronomers today—because it does resemble a modern teapot with a
handle, a pointed lid and a spout. The handle and spout elements, however,
could equally effectively be drawn as the outstretched wings of a vulture,
while the pointed “lid” becomes the vulture’s neck and head. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.45pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 102%;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.45pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">It is the outstretched wing in front
of the vulture—the spout of the teapot—that Burley sees as “holding the sun,”
represented by the prominent disc in the middle of the scene on Pillar 43.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.5pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.25pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;">…. </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.25pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Figure
49: A vulture with outstretched wings makes a much better, more intuitive and
more obvious way than an archer to represent the bright, central “Teapot”
asterism within the constellation of Sagittarius.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.25pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">….</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.25pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.25pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Figure
50: Sagittarius a<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_bookmark6"></a>nd neighboring constellations as
interpreted on Pillar 43.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.25pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> ….</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 12.25pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.05pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">But the vulture and the sun are only
two aspects of the complex imagery of the pillar. Below and just a little to the
right of the vulture is a scorpion. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.05pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">Above and to the right of the vulture
is a second large bird with a long sickle-shaped beak, and nestled close to
this bird is a serpent with a large triangular head and its body coiled into a
curve. A third bird, again with a hooked beak, but smaller, with the look of a
chick, is placed below these two figures—again to the right of the vulture,
indeed immediately to the right of its extended front wing. Below the scorpion
is the head and long neck of a fourth bird. Beside the scorpion, rearing up, is
another serpent.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.05pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 102%;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.4pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">Part of the reason for my growing
confidence in Burley’s conclusion, though he makes little of it in his paper,
is that these figures, with only minor adjustments, compare intriguingly with
other constellations around the alleged Sagittarius/vulture figure.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.4pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 102%;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.2pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">First and foremost, there is the
scorpion below and a little to the right of the vulture, which we’ve seen
already has an obvious resemblance to Scorpio, the next constellation along the
zodiac from Sagittarius. Its posture and positioning are wrong—we’ll look more
closely into the implications of this in a moment—but it’s there and it is
overlapped by the tail end of the constellation that we recognize as Scorpio
today.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.3pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Secondly,
there’s the large bird above and to the right of the vulture with the curved
body of a serpent nestled close to it. These two figures are in the correct
position and the correct relationship to one another to match the constellation
we call Ophiuchus, the serpent holder, and the serpent constellation, Serpens,
that Ophiuchus holds.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.3pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.15pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">Thirdly, immediately to the right of
the extended front wing of the vulture there’s that other bird, smaller, like a
chick, with a hooked beak. I email Burley about this, and about the different
position and orientation of the scorpion on the pillar and the modern
constellation of Scorpio, and we arrive, after some back and forth, at a
solution. Constellation boundaries, as the reader will recall, are not
necessarily drawn in the same place by all cultures at all periods and it’s
clear that there’s been a shift over time in the constellation boundaries here.
The chick on Pillar 43 appears to have formed a small constellation of its own
in the minds of the Göbekli Tepe astronomers—a constellation that utilized some
of the important stars today considered to be part of Scorpio. The chick’s
hooked beak is correctly positioned, and its body is the correct shape, to
match the head and claws of Scorpio<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_bookmark7"></a>. ….</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.15pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0000ed; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 102%; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.4pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">Fourthly, beside the scorpion on
Pillar 43 is a serpent and beneath the scorpion are the head and long neck of
yet another bird, with a headless anthropomorphic figure positioned to its
right. The serpent matches the tail of Sagittarius (as we’ve seen, the vulture
appears to be composed from the central part of Sagittarius only—the Teapot—so
this leaves the remainder of the constellation available to the ancients for
other uses). The best contenders for the bird, and for the peculiar little
anthropomorphic figure to its right are parts of the constellations we know
today as Pavo and Triangulum Australe. The remainder of Pavo may be involved
with further figures present on the pillar to the left of the bird.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.4pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 102%;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.5pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">As is the case with Sagittarius,
elements of the modern constellation of Scorpio have been redeployed in the
ancient constellations depicted on Pillar 43. Only the tail of our Scorpio is
in the correct location to match the scorpion on Pillar 43 and its head faces
to the right, whereas the head of the scorpion on the pillar faces to the left.
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.5pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">The scorpion on the pillar is also
below the vulture, whereas modern Scorpio is a very large constellation lying
parallel and to the right of Sagittarius. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.5pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">I suggest the solution to this
problem is that the scorpion on Pillar 43 is conjured from a combination of the
tail of the modern constellation of Scorpio (right legs of the Pillar 43
scorpion), an unused part of the “Teapot” asterism of Sagittarius (right claw
of the Pillar 43 scorpion) and the constellations that we know as Ara,
Telescopium and Corona Australis (respectively the tail, left legs and left
claw of the Pillar 43 scorpion). Meanwhile, as noted above, the claws and head
of the modern constellation of Scorpio have been co-opted to form the chick
with the hooked beak on Pillar 43.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.75pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 102%;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 102%; margin: 0.75pt 12.5pt 0pt 0.25in; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">This whole issue of the relationship
between the modern constellations of Scorpio and Sagittarius and the scorpion
and vulture figures depicted on Pillar 43 takes on a new level of significance
when we remember that in some ancient astronomical figures Sagittarius is
depicted not only as a centaur—a man-horse—but also as a man-horse hybrid with
the tail of a scorpion, and sometimes simply as a man-scorpion hybrid<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_bookmark8"></a>. ….<span style="color: #0000ed; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;"> </span><span style="color: black;">On
Babylonian <i>Kudurru </i>stones (often referred to as boundary stones,
although it is likely that their function has been misunderstoo<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_bookmark9"></a>d …) a figure of a man-scorpion drawing a bow frequently
appears that “is universally identified with the archer Sagittarius.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_bookmark10"></a>” ….</span><span style="color: #0000ed; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;"> </span><span style="color: black;">What further
cements the identification of Sagittarius with the vulture on Pillar 43 is that
these man-scorpion figures from the Babylonian <i>Kudurru </i>stones are very
often depicted with the legs and feet of birds.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_bookmark11"></a> ….</span><span style="color: #0000ed; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Moreover, in some representations a second scorpion appears
beneath the body—i.e. beneath the Teapot asterism—of Sagittarius<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_bookmark12"></a> …</span><span style="color: #0000ed; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;"> </span><span style="color: black;">reminiscent
of the position of the scorpion on Pillar 43 (see Figures 50 and 51).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 117%;">Figure 51: Man-sc<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_bookmark13"></a>orpion
Sagittarius figures from Bablylonian Kudurru stones (left) are frequently
depicted with the legs and feet of birds, further strengthening the
identification of the vulture figure on Pillar 43 with Sagittarius. In other
Mesopotamian representations (right) we see a second scorpion beneath the body
of Sagittarius occupying a similar position to the scorpion on Pillar 43.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">….</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 102%;">When<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;">
</span>all<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>taken<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>together<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;">
</span>it<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>goes,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>my<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>opinion,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;">
</span>far<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>beyond<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>anything<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;">
</span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>can<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>be explained away as mere “coincidence.”
The implication is that ideas of how certain constellations should be depicted
that were expressed at Göbekli Tepe almost 12,000 years ago [sic], including
the notion that there should be a scorpion in this region of the heavens, were
passed down, undergoing some changes in the process, but nonetheless surviving
in recognizable form for millennia to find related expression in much later
Babylonian astronomical iconography. But given the close connections with
ancient Mesopotamia, its antediluvian cities, its Seven Sages and its flood
survivors washed up in their Ark near Göbekli Tepe, we should perhaps not be
too surprised.</span></div>
AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-22835833708964512762019-07-14T17:31:00.003-07:002019-07-14T17:32:07.247-07:00Ancient Australians – culture going south<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="background-color: white; color: #f48d1d; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 16pt;">Damien F. Mackey<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Following the typical evolutionary view of things, which requires much time for<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">the human development from ape-man, Bruce Fenton must locate the origins of the<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Göbekli Tepe culture down south in Australia, before its having arrived at the degree<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">of sophistication enabling for the spread of that culture in the far north (e.g. Turkey).<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Great Gobbling Turkeys!<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">There’s an archaeological site in Turkey, at </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Göbekli Tepe, that has palaeontologists scratching their collective heads.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dated to as early as 12,000 – 10,000 BC, the site exhibits cultural and technological advances that ought not to have occurred during a phase in human evolution (supposedly) when man was still just a primitive hunter-gatherer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-AU">“History is Wrong” </span></b><span lang="EN-AU">declares one site regarding “The Mystery of Gobekli Tepe” (2018): <a href="https://coolinterestingstuff.com/the-mystery-of-gobekli-tepe" style="color: #b5653b; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1f4e79;">https://coolinterestingstuff.com/the-mystery-of-gobekli-tepe</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">…. many have proposed that Gobekli Tepe can even be a temple inside the Biblical Eden of Genesis. Is it possible that what we know about the ‘uncivilized and primitive’ prehistoric men is not at all true? Is it possible that advanced civilizations existed before 6000 BCE and their tracks are simply lost in time? Or is it possible that extra-terrestrials interfered and helped men to build monuments throughout the history of humanity? The questions are certainly compelling.</span><span lang="EN-AU"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Man was supposed to have been a primitive hunter-gatherer at the time of the sites’ construction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Gobekli Tepe’s presence currently predates what science has taught would be essential in building something on the scale such as those structures. For instance, the site appears before the agreed upon dates for the inventions of art and engravings; it even predates man working with metals and pottery but features evidence of all of these. ….</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">This site finds it all so incomprehensible as to have to resort to the extreme suggestion of ancient aliens. </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222a35; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">But forget those large palaeontological numbers (12,000, 10,000) variously suggested for the BC age of</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Göbekli Tepe. These people play with, and throw away, 100’s and 1,000’s like reckless gamblers. Australia’s Mungo Man, for instance, was dated to 60,000 BC and then dropped to 40,000 BC in the space of a week.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Nobody seemed to raise a Neanderthalian eyebrow.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Creationist Dr. John Osgood has made an impressive start in sorting out the Stone Ages in his most helpful series: “</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">A Better Model for the Stone Age” (pts. 1 and 2):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #1f4e79;"><a href="https://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age" style="color: #b5653b; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">https://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #1f4e79;"><a href="https://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age-part-2" style="color: #b5653b; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">https://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age-part-2</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Acheulean era, which according to Pierto Gaietto, impacted upon the Göbekli Tepe masonry: “Regarding the topic of evolution in general I <em>am of the opinion that the strong tendency</em> towards the dressing of large <em>stones at Göbekli Tepe</em> had <em>its</em><b> </b><em>origin</em><b> </b>in the <em>Acheulean tradition</em><b> </b>of the Mousterian culture”, has been placed by Dr. Osgood during the dispersal after the Noachic Flood.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext;">Acheulean<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The characteristic feature of this culture was, of course, the large hand axe prominent in it. Comment has already been made about the possible relationship between the virgin forests, an early spreading people, and the necessity to use hand-axes in much of their culture. The widespread common relationship of these tools in Europe, Asia and Northern Africa certainly is not inconsistent with the biblical model of the recent origin of the spread of people from the Middle East into diverse places having initially similar cultures.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">There does seem to be a definite stratigraphic relationship between the so-called Paleolithic strata - Acheulian, Mousterian and Aurignacian in ascending order. This, however, does not indicate that they were cultures that succeeded one another all over the country, but the principle of mushrooming may legitimately be investigated here as in the Mesopotamian Chalcolithic. In other words, the superposition of one stratum on the other may only be a measurement of the cultures in one dimension. It fails to come to terms with the possible horizontal contemporaneity of at least the last two of these cultures, the Mousterian and the Aurignacian. ….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">[End of quote]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Most striking of all are the art-works and symbols common to far-away Australian Aboriginals, so much so that author Bruce Fenton has been prompted to query whether Göbekli Tepe may actually have been an Australian Aboriginal site</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Following the typical evolutionary view of things, though, which requires much time for the human development from ape-man, Bruce Fenton must locate the origins of the Göbekli Tepe culture down south in Australia, before its having arrived at the degree of sophistication enabling for the spread of that culture in the far north (e.g. Turkey).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">A biblical view, instead, would have cultures like Göbekli Tepe emanating at a stage after the Flood from an already fairly sophisticated antediluvian world (Genesis 4:20-22) – Tubal-Cain, for instance, forged implements of copper and iron. Those who later became the Australian Aboriginals - who were not just one people, but many tribes/nations with different languages - would have absorbed this, and other northern cultures (e.g. Aboriginal art connects also with the ‘Ubaid culture in Mesopotamia), and carried the vestiges of these in their long journeys southwards, inevitably losing much of that knowledge over time and distance. Contrary to Bruce Fenton, then, Australian aboriginality is a cultural devolution, rather than an evolution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ian Wilson, exploring the <i>Lost World of the Kimberley </i>(2006), <span class="st1">the northernmost of the nine regions of Western Australia, has pointed out striking similarities between art figures of the Mesopotamian ‘Ubaid culture and the Kimberley’s aboriginal art figures. </span><i> <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Australian Aboriginal languages apparently have some affinity with ancient Sumerian:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/cser.pdf" style="color: #b5653b; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1f4e79;">http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/cser.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hungarian language belongs to the family of agglutinative languages. Officially it is a member of the Finno-Ugric language family. Structurally similar – although in a very distant relationship with it – are the Turkish, the Dravidian groups of languages, the Japanese and the Korean in the Far-East and the Basque in Europe. A large portion of ancient languages were agglutinative in their nature, such like the Sumerian, Pelagic, Etruscan, as well as aboriginal languages on the American and Australian continents. ….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-56895505532793242382019-07-04T17:41:00.004-07:002019-07-04T17:41:56.543-07:00‘Handbag’ carriers from Göbekli Tepe to Mexico <br />
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 16pt;">Damien F. Mackey</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">“I add “Assyrian Apkallu” to the search parameters and even more images flood my screen. Often they show bearded men holding bags or buckets which closely resemble those depicted on the Göbekli Tepe pillar and the one held by the Mexican “Man in Serpent” figure”. </span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Knowing that Graham Hancock is never dull reading, and also that his recent (2015) book, <em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Magicians</span></i></em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> of the Gods: The Forgotten Wisdom of Earth's Lost Civilisation, </i>has quite a lot to say about </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Göbekli Tepe, a site whose findings I think are devastating for the evolutionary explanation of origins: </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Göbekli Tepe dating plain wrong</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/39378001/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe_dating_plain_wrong"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/39378001/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe_dating_plain_wrong</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">then it was inevitable that I should, when I saw the book in a library, take it home to read.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">A few things struck me early. Most especially, those ubiquitous ‘handbags’ of the gods. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">What did they mean?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">That question has been posed, too, by <a href="http://grahamhancock.com/phorum/profile.php?1,8327"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "open sans"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">dmatherly</span></b></a></span><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #222222; font-family: "open sans"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></strong><span lang="EN-AU">at the colourful Graham Hancock site </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://grahamhancock.com/phorum/read.php?1,1084130,1084130"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">http://grahamhancock.com/phorum/read.php?1,1084130,1084130</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #222222; font-family: "open sans"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">What function do ancient depictions of so-called hand bags have?...From the Olmec to Sumerian/Assyrian and even on a stela at Gobekli Tepe are these found.. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #222222; font-family: "open sans"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #222222; font-family: "open sans"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #222222; font-family: "open sans"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #222222; font-family: "open sans"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #222222; font-family: "open sans"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #222222; font-family: "open sans"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #222222; font-family: "open sans"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "open sans"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #222222; font-family: "open sans"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Graham Hancock himself, when <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in situ</i> at </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Göbekli Tepe, had speculated about these objects. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">He writes about it in his book:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Graham%20Hancock%20-%20Magicians%20of%20the%20Gods%20-%20The%20Forgotten%20Wisdom%20of%20Earth%27s%20Lost%20Civilization.pdf"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f4e79; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">http://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Graham%20Hancock%20-%20Magicians%20of%20the%20Gods%20-%20The%20Forgotten%20Wisdom%20of%20Earth%27s%20Lost%20Civilization.pdf</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">While I’m online I run some searches for images of the Seven Sages. I don’t get many hits at first, but the moment I change the search terms to “Apkallu” and “Seven Apkallu” I open a colossal archive of images from all over the internet, many of them reliefs from Assyria, a culture that thrived in Mesopotamia from approximately 2500 BC to about 600 BC. I add “Assyrian Apkallu” to the search parameters and even more images flood my screen. Often they show bearded men holding bags or buckets which closely resemble those depicted on the Göbekli Tepe pillar and the one held by the Mexican “Man in Serpent” figure. It’s not just the curved handles of these containers, or their shape—where the resemblance is much closer than on the original Oannes relief I reproduced in <i>Fingerprints of the Gods</i>. Even more striking is the peculiar and distinctive way that the figures from both Mesopotamia and Mexico hold these containers with the fingers of the hands turned inward and the thumb crooked forward over the handle.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">There’s something else as well. A good number of the images show not a man but a therianthrope —a birdman with a hooked beak exactly like the hooked beak of the therianthrope on the Göbekli Tepe pillar. What makes the resemblance even closer is that in the Mesopotamian reliefs the birdman is holding the container in one hand and a cone-shaped object in the other. The shape is a little different but a comparison with the disc cradled above the wing of the Göbekli Tepe birdman is hard to resist.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">I can’t prove anything yet. It could, of course, all be coincidence, or I could be imagining links that aren’t there. But my curiosity is aroused by the similar containers on different continents and in different epochs and so I jot down a series of questions that can form the frame of a loose hypothesis for future testing. For instance, could these containers (whether they are bags or buckets) be the symbols of office of an initiatic brotherhood—far traveled and deeply ancient, with roots reaching back into the remotest prehistory? I feel that this possibility, extraordinary though it may seem on the face of things, is worth looking into and is strengthened by the distinctive hand postures. Might these not have served the same sort of function as Masonic handshakes today—providing an instant means of identifying who is an “insider” and who is not?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">[End of quote]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Striking cultural, architectural, and many other similarities amongst cultures spread as far and wide as Mesopotamia, Armenia (modern Turkey), Africa and the New World (e.g. Mexico), and significantly differing as to their eras, do not favour the evolutionary view of origins in isolation. How to explain this Göbekli Tepe–Australian Aboriginal connection, for instance?: </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Also grabbing my attention in Hancock’s book were the ancient references to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the</i> Flood by Nebuchednezzar I and Ashurbanipal, especially given my identification of both of these names with Nebuchednezzar ‘the Great’ (so-called II) - three name for the one king. See e.g. my article:</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt;">Nebuchednezzar - mad, bad, then great</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/39013559/Nebuchednezzar_-_mad_bad_then_great"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/39013559/Nebuchednezzar_-_mad_bad_then_great</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">From these ancient quotes we learn that (also not favouring the evolutionary view) there was “the flood”, despite Mesopotamia often experiencing floods; that a “seed [was] preserved” from this flood, and that <span style="color: #222222;">“writings” existed before the flood. Hancock writes: </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">In due course, later kings would speak of their link to the antediluvian world. In the late first millenium BC, Nebuchadnezzar I of Babylon described himself as a “seed preserved from before the flood”</span><span style="color: #0000ef; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">88 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">while Ashurbanipal, who ruled the central Mesopotamian empire of Assyria in the seventh century BC, boasted: “I learned the craft of Adapa, the sage, which is the secret knowledge … I am well acquainted with the signs of heaven and earth … I am enjoying the writings on stones from before the flood.”</span><span style="color: #0000ef; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">89</span></div>
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AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-86484256318673869112019-06-24T20:44:00.002-07:002019-06-24T20:44:46.989-07:00Kedorlaomer king of Elam <br />
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 28pt;"><span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><strong><em> </em></strong><a data-cthref="/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjE453Ku4PjAhUZWysKHc3oD_8QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideserve.com%2Fgunnar%2Foutline-rescue-and-reward&psig=AOvVaw2tZtQh-32lsZ-ObxFb1fmj&ust=1561511969247961" data-ved="2ahUKEwjE453Ku4PjAhUZWysKHc3oD_8QjRx6BAgBEAU" href="https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjE453Ku4PjAhUZWysKHc3oD_8QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideserve.com%2Fgunnar%2Foutline-rescue-and-reward&psig=AOvVaw2tZtQh-32lsZ-ObxFb1fmj&ust=1561511969247961" id="irc_mil" jsaction="mousedown:irc.rl;focus:irc.rl;irc.il;" style="border-image: none; border: 0px currentColor;" target="_blank"><img alt="Image result for kedorlaomer promise believer inevitable war" data-iml="1561425583948" height="424" id="irc_mi" src="https://image2.slideserve.com/3809858/outline-rescue-and-reward-n.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px;" width="565" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 16pt;">Damien F. Mackey</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“At the time when Amraphel was king of Shinar, Arioch king of Ellasar, </i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kedorlaomer king of Elam and Tidal king of Goyim,</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> these kings went to war </i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">against Bera king of Sodom, Birsha king of Gomorrah, Shinab king of Admah, </i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shemeber king of Zeboyim, and the king of Bela (that is, Zoar)”.</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Genesis 14:1-2</i></b></div>
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Jewish tradition identifies Nimrod with the biblical “Amraphel” king of Shinar who accompanied “Chedorlaomer” (var. Kedorlaomer) on the somewhat ill-fated campaign as recorded in Genesis 14. According to this tradition, Nimrod had formerly been “routed” by Chedorlaomer before now joining him as his “vassal” in his war with the kings of Pentapolis: <a href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11548-nimrod"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11548-nimrod</span></a></div>
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… according to one opinion, that Nimrod was called "Amraphel" (<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="http://d3sva65x0i5hnc.cloudfront.net/V09p309003.jpg" border="0" height="16" src="" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3" width="42" /></span> = "he said, throw in"; Targ. pseudo-Jonathan to Gen. xiv. 1; Gen. R. xlii. 5; Cant. R. viii. 8). …. … later Nimrod came to wage war with Chedorlaomer, King of Elam, who had been one of Nimrod's generals, and who after the dispersion of the builders of the tower went to Elam and formed there an independent kingdom. </div>
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Nimrod at the head of an army set out with the intention of punishing his rebellious general, but the latter routed him. Nimrod then became a vassal of Chedorlaomer, who involved him in the war with the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah, with whom he was defeated by Abraham ("Sefer ha-Yashar," <i>l.c.</i>; comp. Gen. xiv. 1-17). ….</div>
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Now if I am correct in my proposed historical multi-identification of Nimrod in e.g. my article:</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nimrod a "mighty man"<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.academia.edu/39638349/Nimrod_a_mighty_man_?email_work_card=view-paper"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/39638349/Nimrod_a_mighty_man_?email_work_card=view-paper</span></a></div>
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then, hopefully, it ought not be too difficult to identify Chedorlaomer also during this period - he being, one might expect, the most prominent Elamite ruler at the time.</div>
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The name given to the Elamite king in Genesis, “Chedorlaomer”, appears to be a typical Elamite name, Kudur-Lagamar (“the servant of the goddess Lagamar”).</div>
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And, according to my reconstruction, the time-frame for Chedorlaomer is both the Akkadian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">and</i> so-called Ur III period, now combined into just the one historical entity.</div>
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I turn again to M. Van de Mieroop’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000 – 323 BC </i>(Blackwell, 2004) to find out what he has to say about Elam, hoping that our Elamite king might just pop up into prominence. </div>
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On p. 63 we read that Elam was one of the primary military targets of the Akkadian kings: “The Akkadian kings focused their military attention on the regions of western Iran and northern Syria … east … Elam … Simurrum. In the north … Tuttul … Mari and Ebla”.</div>
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Van de Mieroop then becomes a little more specific (“The autonomy of Elam should not be underestimated”):</div>
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Naram-Sin concluded a treaty with an unnamed ruler or high official of Susa, a document written in the Elamite language. The agreement specified no submission to Akkad, only a promise by the Elamite to regard Naram-Sin’s enemies as his own. The autonomy of Elam should not be underestimated.</div>
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On pp. 67-68, we are at last given a name, “Kutik-Inshushinak”: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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In the very beginning of the succeeding [sic] Ur III period, king Kutik-Inshushinak of Awan was portrayed as a major opponent to Babylonia by the kings of Ur. At that time he was governor and general of Susa, as well as king of Awan, and controlled eighty-one cities and regions, including some in the central Tigris and Diyala areas.</div>
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A typical account of Kutik-Inshushinak reads:</div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutik-Inshushinak"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutik-Inshushinak</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Kutik-Inshushinak (also known as Puzur-Inshushinak) was king of Elam from about 2240 to 2220 BC (long chronology), and the last from the Awan dynasty.[1] His father was Shinpi-khish-khuk, the crown prince, and most likely a brother of king Khita. Kutik-Inshushinak's first position was as governor of Susa, which he may have held from a young age. About 2250 BC, his father died, and he became crown prince in his stead. Elam had been under the domination of Akkad since the time of Sargon, and Kutik-Inshushinak accordingly campaigned in the Zagros mountains on their behalf. He was greatly successful as his conquests seem to have gone beyond the initial mission. In 2240 BC, he asserted his independence from Akkad, which had been weakening ever since the death of Naram-Sin, thus making himself king of Elam. He conquered Anshan and managed to unite most of Elam into one kingdom. He built extensively on the citadel at Susa, and encouraged the use of the Linear Elamite script to write the Elamite language. This may be seen as a reaction against Sargon's attempt to force the use of Akkadian. Most inscriptions in Linear Elamite date from the reign of Kutik-Inshushinak. His achievements were not longlasting, for after his death the linear script fell into disuse, and Susa was overrun by the Third dynasty of Ur [sic], while Elam fell under control of Simashki dynasty (also Elamite origin)[2]. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">[End of quote]</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "pt serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Gian Pietro Basello tells, in “Elamite Kingdom” that </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Puzur-Inshushinak </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "pt serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">even “conquered some parts of … Akkad” (p. 3): </span><a href="http://www.elamit.net/depot/resources/basello2016encyclopedia-of-empire.pdf"><span lang="EN" style="color: #1f4e79; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">http://www.elamit.net/depot/resources/basello2016encyclopedia-of-empire.pdf</span></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The reign of Puzur-Inshushinak stands out between the Old Akkadian and the Neo-Sumerian (Ur III) dominations: he is a king of Awan according to the above-mentioned</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">royal list from Susa and the titulary of a couple (FAOS7 Puzurinšušinak 7–8) of his Akkadian inscriptions found at Susa; in another (FAOS7 Puzurinšušinak 1) of these inscriptions, he boasts of having conquered a great number of places probably located in the Iranian area rather than in Mesopotamia. Thanks to Mesopotamian sources, the socalled code of Ur-Namma and a later copy of a royal inscription of Ur-Namma himself, we know that Puzur-Inshushinak also conquered some parts of Diyala and Akkad, moving afterwards into Babylonia; Ur-Namma expelled Puzur-Inshushinak’s armies from Babylonia, calling him “king of Elam.” It is difficult to ascertain if the reign of Puzur-Inshushinak was a secondary state formation in response to the previous Akkadian hegemony. ….</span></div>
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AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-13914671983231431542019-06-23T16:34:00.003-07:002019-06-23T16:39:49.834-07:00Nabonidus repaired the head of a statue of Sargon of Akkad<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 18pt;">Damien F. Mackey</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">“[Nabonidus]
saw in this sacred enclosure [Ebabbar] a statue of Sargon … </span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">half
of its head was missing …. Given his reverence for the gods and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">his
respect for kingship, he … restored the head of </span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">this
statue, and put back its face”.</span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU"> </span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU"> </span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">According to a late </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "pt serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">chronographic document concerning Babylon emanating from either
the </span><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="https://www.livius.org/articles/dynasty/seleucids/"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "pt serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: #ff7200;">Seleucid</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "pt serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> or </span><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="https://www.livius.org/articles/misc/parthian-empire/"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "pt serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: #ff7200;">Parthian</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "pt serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> age, King
Nabonidus had found a damaged statue of Sargon of Akkad the head of which he had
carefully restored by his artisans. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "pt serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">In this particular
document, Sargon of Akkad is distinguished from his “son”, Naram-Sin - though I
believe, and have written to the effect (e.g. article below), that Sargon and
Naram-Sin were one and the same powerful king. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "pt serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">We read from this late document:
</span><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/mesopotamian-chronicles-content/cm-53-chronographic-document-concerning-nabonidus/"><span style="color: #244061; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.livius.org/sources/content/mesopotamian-chronicles-content/cm-53-chronographic-document-concerning-nabonidus/</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "pt serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">…. [3] in the month of </span><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/calendar-babylonian/"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "pt serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: #ff7200;">Ululu</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "pt serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">, [...] of this
same year, in the Ebabbar, the temple of Šamaš, which is in Sippar,
and in which kings among his predecessors had searched in vain for ancient
foundation - the ancient dwelling place [...] of his kingship that would make
his heart glad - he revealed to him, to his humble servant who worshiped him,
who was constantly in search of his holy places, the sacred enclosure of
Naram-Sin, Sargon's son, and, in this same year, in a propitious month, on a
favorable day, he laid the foundations of the Ebabbar, the temple
of Šamaš, above the sacred enclosure of Naram-Sin, Sargon's son,
without exceeding or shrinking a finger's breadth. </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "pt serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">He saw Naram-Sin's
inscription and, without changing its place, restored it and appended his own
inscription there. </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "pt serif"; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "pt serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">[4] He saw in this
sacred enclosure a statue of Sargon, the father of Naram-Sin: half of its head
was missing, and it had deteriorated so as to make its face hardly
recognizable. Given his reverence for the gods and his respect for kingship, he
summoned expert artisans, restored the head of this statue, and put back its
face. He did not change its place but installed it in the Ebabbar and initiated
an oblation for it. ….</span></div>
</div>
<div align="right" style="margin: 0in 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: right;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "pt serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">[End of quote]</span></div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span lang="EN-AU"> </span></div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Now, King Nabonidus of Babylon was none other than Nebuchednezzar ‘the
Great’ according to my revision. And Sargon of Akkad, the ancient ‘Humpty Dumpty’,
whose head the eccentric Babylonian king was, however, able to ‘put back together
again’, was the biblical Nimrod himself, perhaps the world’s first dictator-emperor.
</span></div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN-AU"> </span></div>
</div>
<div align="center" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-AU"><a href="https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiCn-6k34DjAhUIeysKHUQTDXkQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsuperfunbaby.com%2Flyrics%2Fhumpty-dumpty-rhyme-lyrics%2F&psig=AOvVaw0vxvVdw5DD1Y3WFPMRfYiQ&ust=1561418478439042" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a></span><br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN-AU">See e.g. my article:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: center 225.65pt left 330.6pt;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nimrod a
"mighty man"<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: center 225.65pt left 330.6pt;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #254061; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></b></div>
</div>
<div align="center" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #254061; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #254061; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/39638349/Nimrod_a_mighty_man_?email_work_card=view-paper"><span style="color: #254061; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #254061; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/39638349/Nimrod_a_mighty_man_?email_work_card=view-paper</span></a></span></div>
</div>
<div align="center" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN-AU"> </span></div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Nimrod and Nebuchednezzar, though well separated in time the one
from the other, do compare well to the extent of they both being great builders
of a “Babel”, of a Babylon, who regarded themselves as gods, who defied the One
God, and who were punished – perhaps even while their lips were bespeaking their
own praises (cf. Genesis 11:6-7; Daniel 4:31).</span></div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #254061; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 19.3pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #254061; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #254061; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="https://blowthetrumpet.com.au/bow-the-knee-or-burn-daniel-chapter-three/"><span style="color: #254061; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #254061; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://blowthetrumpet.com.au/bow-the-knee-or-burn-daniel-chapter-three/</span></a></span></div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 19.3pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
</div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 19.3pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">King
Nebuchadnezzar was a despot who would tolerate no rivals or equals, a man who
had deified himself and demanded to be worshipped as a god. </span></div>
</div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 19.3pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">He was a
ruler who manifested the character of Nimrod himself who originally founded
Babylon [sic] and Assyria and built the Tower of Babel. </span></div>
</div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 19.3pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Babylon in
fact had its roots in Nimrod’s ancient empire. In Babylon you could have any
religion you liked, and there were many religions, provided the god you
worshipped was not greater than the King himself.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 19.3pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 19.3pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nebuchadnezzar was the head of the pantheon of gods in
Babylon. In his estimation of himself there was no other god higher than
himself. Nebuchadnezzar, like many other rulers in the Bible and in history,
was a major type of the Antichrist ….</span></div>
</div>
<div align="right" style="margin: 0in 19.3pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">[End of quote]</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 19.3pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU">In “</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Nimrod a
"mighty man"” I argued that, just as the biblico-historical
Nebuchednezzar requires a handful of mighty kings, his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">alter egos,</i> in fact, to complete the awesome potentate, so, too,
does biblical Nimrod require to be united to his various ‘parts’ (‘faces’) comprising
some of the most famous names from early dynastic history (Sargon, Naram-Sin,
Shulgi, etc.). Thus I wrote: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 19.3pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU">The biblical
Nimrod has, at least as it seems to me, multi historical <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">personae, </i>just as I have found to have been the case with the much
later (Chaldean) king, Nebuchednezzar.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 19.3pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU">The historical
Nebuchednezzar - as he is currently portrayed to us - needs his other ‘face’,
Nabonidus of Babylon, for example, to complete him as the biblical “King
Nebuchadnezzar” (or “Nebuchadrezzar”); Nabonidus being <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mad,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">superstitious,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">given to dreams</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">omens,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">statue-worshipping, </i>praising
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the god of gods</i> (<em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ilani</span></i></em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sa
</i><em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ilani</span></i></em><em><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">); </span></em>having <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a son called</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Belshazzar”. </i></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 19.3pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU">The
biblico-historical Nebuchednezzar also needs Ashurbanipal to fill out in detail
his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">43 years of reign,</i> to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">smash utterly the nation of Egypt</i> –
Ashurbanipal also having a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fiery furnace
in which he burned people.</i></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 19.3pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU">But
Nebuchednezzar also needs Esarhaddon (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">conquering
Egypt </i>again) whose <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mysterious and
long-lasting illness</i> is so perfectly reminiscent of that of Nebuchednezzar
in the Book of Daniel; Esarhaddon especially being renowned for his having<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> built Babylon.</i></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 19.3pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Nebuchednezzar
has other ‘faces’ as well, he being Nabopolassar, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">careful archaeologist</i> (like Nabonidus), fussing over the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">proper alignment of temples</i> and other
buildings, and as the so-called Persian king, Cambyses, also <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">named “Nebuchednezzar”,</i> again quite <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mad,</i> and being a known <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">conqueror of Egypt.</i> And we need to dip
into Persia again, actually the city of Susa, to find Nebuchednezzar now in the
Book of Nehemiah as the “Artaxerxes <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">king
of Babylon”</i> reigning in his 20<sup>th</sup> to 32<sup>nd</sup> years (cf.
Nehemiah 2:1 and 13:6).</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 19.3pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Extending
matters yet still further, our necessary revisionist folding of ‘Neo’ Babylonia
with ‘Middle Kingdom’ Babylonia has likely yielded us the powerful (so-called)
Middle Babylonian king Nebuchednezzar I as being another ‘face’ of the ‘Neo’
Babylonian king whom we number as Nebuchednezzar II.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 19.3pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 19.3pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU">In similar
fashion, apparently, has our conventional biblico-history sliced and diced into
various pieces, Nimrod the mighty hunter king.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 19.3pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU"> </span></div>
<div align="right" style="margin: 0in 19.3pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: right;">
<span lang="EN-AU">[End
of quote]</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 19.3pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 19.3pt 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
</div>
</div>
AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-71947738547707642982019-06-20T17:32:00.004-07:002019-06-20T17:32:32.530-07:00Nimrod a “mighty man” <div align="center" class="post-header-line-1">
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<div class="post-body entry-content">
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<img alt="Image result for mesopotamian king" height="359" src="https://www.ancient-origins.net/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/Modern-representation.jpg?itok=RQBrspUF" width="640" /></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 36pt; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 18pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 18pt;"></span></span></span></span></span></strong> </div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 36pt; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 18pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 18pt;">by</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></strong></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 18pt;">Damien F. Mackey<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></div>
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<em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><strong>“After surveying</strong></i></em><span class="st1"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> previous </i></span><em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><strong>attempts</strong></i></em><span class="st1"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> to identify an “historical” Nimrod, the author then </i></span><em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><strong>suggests that the biblical figure</strong></i></em><span class="st1"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> is modeled after the combined traditions <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div align="center" class="post-body entry-content" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span class="st1"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">about </i></span><em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><strong>Sargon of Akkad and his</strong></i></em><span class="st1"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> grandson, Naram-Sin”.</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="post-body entry-content" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="post-body entry-content" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dr. Yigal Levin<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> <o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 18pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 18pt;">Part One: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 18pt;">Hunting him amongst the Akkadians</span><em><span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
Yigal Levin, when referring to “… “The Table of Nations” recorded in Genesis x”, has described as “arguably the most fascinating passage<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the Table – the Nimrod story recounted in verses 8-12” (<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Nimrod the Mighty, King of Kish, King of Sumer and Akkad</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN;">“</span>Nimrod the Mighty, King of Kish, King of Sumer and Akkad”, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">VT, </i>Vol. 52, Fasc. 3, July 2002, p. 350). <span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Vol. 52, Fasc. 3 (Jul., 2002),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Vol. 52, Fasc. 3 (Jul., 2002), pp. 350-366 (17 pages)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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Reasonable historical candidates who have been proposed for the imposing character of biblical Nimrod are <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Enmerkar</b> (Uruk, c. 4500 BC); <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gilgamesh</b> (Early Dynastic, Uruk, c. 2900 BC); <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sargon of Akkad</b> (c. 2330 BC) and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Naram-Sin</b> of Akkad (c. 2250 BC).<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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Enmerkar (Enmer “the hunter”) was David Rohl’s choice; whilst Dr. David Livingston favours the semi-legendary Gilgamesh for Nimrod. <span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Despite the one and a half millennia time gap between these two kings by conventional reckoning (which is mostly wrong), the fact that Enmerkar was, Gilgamesh was, a mighty man of renown, a hunter, and, more specifically, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a builder of the walls of Uruk</i> (in Enmerkar’s case, ‘a wall to protect Uruk’), it may be worthwhile (at some later stage) to test whether we are dealing here with just the one mighty king – and, possibly, with Nimrod himself. <span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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David Rohl has also linked the famous Narmer, perhaps of non-Egyptian origins, with Nimrod – a connection I, too, would seriously consider being a possibility.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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Sargon of Akkad is Dr. Douglas Petrovich’s (amongst others) choice for Nimrod; whilst, regarding Naram-Sin, Dr. Yigal Levin has - as I, too, have recently favoured in:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.academia.edu/39616195/Assyrian_King_Sargon_II_otherwise_known_as_Sennacherib._Part_Three_Akkadian_King_Sargon_I_otherwise_known_as_Naram-Sin"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-size: 14pt;">Assyrian King Sargon II, otherwise known as Sennacherib. Part Three: Akkadian King Sargon I, otherwise known as Naram-Sin?</span></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.academia.edu/39616195/Assyrian_King_Sargon_II_otherwise_known_as_Sennacherib._Part_Three_Akkadian_King_Sargon_I_otherwise_known_as_Naram-Sin"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/39616195/Assyrian_King_Sargon_II_otherwise_known_as_Sennacherib._Part_Three_Akkadian_King_Sargon_I_otherwise_known_as_Naram-Sin</span></a><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- identified Nimrod with a combined Sargon/Naram-Sin, though, in Levin’s case (not in mine), Sargon and Naram-Sin remain separate historical entities. Thus he has written:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><strong>After surveying</strong></span></em><span class="st1"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> previous </span></span><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><strong>attempts</strong></span></em><span class="st1"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> to identify an “historical” Nimrod, the author then </span></span><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><strong>suggests that the biblical figure</strong></span></em><span class="st1"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> is modeled after the combined traditions about </span></span><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Sargon of Akkad and his</strong></span></em><span class="st1"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> grandson, Naram-Sin. </span></span><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Nimrod is the son of “Cush</strong></span></em><span class="st1"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">”; Sargon began his royal career at Kish right </span></span><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><strong>after the flood. The Sargon</strong></span></em><span class="st1"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">-</span></span><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Naram</strong></span></em><span class="st1"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">-</span></span><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><strong>Sin</strong></span></em><span class="st1"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> traditions reached the Levant during the second millennium BCE, </span></span><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><strong>being combined by time</strong></span></em><span class="st1"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> and distance into a composite personality.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<strong><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[End of quote]</span></em><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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Or, perhaps “time and distance” have caused to be split in twain he who was originally just the one Akkadian potentate.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p><br /><o:p></o:p>From a combination of data such as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dr. John Osgood’s archaeology for Abram (Abraham);</i> the tradition of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Abram’s having been a contemporary of Menes of Egypt;</i> Dr. W. F. Albright’s argument for this same <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Menes having been conquered by Naram-Sin of Akkad; Narmer (possibly = Naram-Sin) being archaeologically attested in Palestine at this time;</i> Albright’s and Anne Habermehl’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">location of Akkad (in Shinar) in NE Syria;</i> biblical <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Amraphel of Shinar a contemporary of Abram’s; </i>and the tradition of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nimrod’s having accompanied Chedorlaomer of Elam against Syro-Palestine at the time of Abram,</i> then I can ultimately arrive at only this one conclusion: <o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Sargon of Akkad (in Shinar) = Naram-Sin (= Nimrod) must be<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">the biblical “Amraphel … king of Shinar” (Genesis 14:1).</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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The name “Amraphel” may, or may not, be a Hebrew name equating to a Shinarian one.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Abarim Publications appears to have trouble nailing it:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Amraphel.html#.XQmBvuQ8R9A"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">http://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Amraphel.html#.XQmBvuQ8R9A</span></a><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><u><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Meaning<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Unclear, but perhaps: One That Darkens Counsel, or The Commandment Which Went Forth<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><u><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Etymology<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Unclear, but perhaps from (1) the verb אמר (<i>amar</i>), to talk or command, and (2) the verb אפל ('pl), to be dark.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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Before concluding: “<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">The name Amraphel can mean <b>One That Darkens Counsel</b>, or in the words of Alfred Jones (Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names): <b>One That Speaks Of Dark Things”</b>.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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There may be needed at least one further Akkadian addition to my equation: Sargon of Akkad = Naram-Sin = Nimrod, and that relates to my earlier hint of an identification between: <o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt;">Sargon and Shar-Kali-Sharri<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif";"><o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.academia.edu/39473281/Sargon_and_Shar-Kali-Sharri"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/39473281/Sargon_and_Shar-Kali-Sharri</span></a><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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given the same apparent meaning of these two names, but more especially that the name “Sargon” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shar-Gani</i>) is actually included in a presumed version of the name, Shar-kali-sharri.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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E.g. compare this: <span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://dinromerohistory.wordpress.com/tag/sargon</span><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="st1">“Sargon of Akkad (also known as Sargon the Great, </span><em><strong>Shar</strong></em><span class="st1">-</span><em><strong>Gani</strong></em><span class="st1">-</span><em><strong>Sharri</strong></em><span class="st1">, and Sarru-Kan, meaning “True King” or “Legitimate King”) …”.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">with this<span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">: https://nl.qwerty.wiki/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri</span></span><span class="st1"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="st1"><span style="color: #545454;">“</span>Shar-Kali- Sharri (</span><em><strong>shar</strong></em><span class="st1">-</span><em><strong>Gani</strong></em><span class="st1">-</span><em><strong>Sharri</strong></em><span class="st1"> ; rc 2217-2193 BC …”.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></em></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 18pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 18pt;">Part Two: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 18pt;">Hunting him amongst the Sumerians</span><em><span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></o:p></span></b></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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The biblical Nimrod has, at least as it seems to me, multi historical <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">personae, </i>just as I have found to have been the case with the much later (Chaldean) king, Nebuchednezzar.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The historical Nebuchednezzar - as he is currently portrayed to us - needs his other ‘face’, Nabonidus of Babylon, for example, to complete him as the biblical “King Nebuchadnezzar” (or “Nebuchadrezzar”); Nabonidus being <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mad,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">superstitious,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">given to dreams</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">omens,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">statue-worshipping, </i>praising <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the god of gods</i> (<em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><strong>ilani</strong></i></em><span class="st1"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> sa </i></span><em><strong><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ilani</i>); </strong></em>having <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a son called</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Belshazzar”. </i><o:p></o:p></div>
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The biblico-historical Nebuchednezzar also needs Ashurbanipal to fill out in detail his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">43 years of reign,</i> to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">smash utterly the nation of Egypt</i> – Ashurbanipal also having a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fiery furnace in which he burned people.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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But Nebuchednezzar also needs Esarhaddon (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">conquering Egypt </i>again) whose <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mysterious and long-lasting illness</i> is so perfectly reminiscent of that of Nebuchednezzar in the Book of Daniel; Esarhaddon especially being renowned for his having<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> built Babylon.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Nebuchednezzar has other ‘faces’ as well, he being Nabopolassar, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">careful archaeologist</i> (like Nabonidus), fussing over the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">proper alignment of temples</i> and other buildings, and as the so-called Persian king, Cambyses, also <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">named “Nebuchednezzar”,</i> again quite <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mad,</i> and being a known <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">conqueror of Egypt.</i> And we need to dip into Persia again, actually the city of Susa, to find Nebuchednezzar now in the Book of Nehemiah as the “Artaxerxes <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">king of Babylon”</i> reigning in his 20<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">th</span></sup> to 32<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">nd</span></sup> years (cf. Nehemiah 2:1 and 13:6).<o:p></o:p></div>
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Extending matters yet still further, our necessary revisionist folding of ‘Neo’ Babylonia with ‘Middle Kingdom’ Babylonia has likely yielded us the powerful (so-called) Middle Babylonian king Nebuchednezzar I as being another ‘face’ of the ‘Neo’ Babylonian king whom we number as Nebuchednezzar II.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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In similar fashion, apparently, has our conventional biblico-history sliced and diced into various pieces, Nimrod the mighty hunter king.<o:p></o:p></div>
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I have already ventured to re-attach Nimrod to his Akkadian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">personae</i> as (i) Sargon of Akkad; (ii) the deified Naram-Sin; and (iii) Shar-kali-sharri.<o:p></o:p></div>
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And to the biblical “Amraphel … king of Shinar” (Genesis 14:1).<o:p></o:p></div>
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Other possibilities being Narmer, and those semi-legendary names, Enmerkar and Gilgamesh.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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Now here, in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Part Two,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b>I shall be looking to test whether Nimrod can ‘boast’ of having further identification amongst one, or more, of those mighty Sumerian kings of the dynasty of Ur III, who claimed to have ruled both “Sumer and Akkad”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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In my recent article:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Assyrian King Sargon II, otherwise known as Sennacherib. Part Three: Akkadian King Sargon I, otherwise known as Naram-Sin?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.academia.edu/39616195/Assyrian_King_Sargon_II_otherwise_known_as_Sennacherib._Part_Three_Akkadian_King_Sargon_I_otherwise_known_as_Naram-Sin"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/39616195/Assyrian_King_Sargon_II_otherwise_known_as_Sennacherib._Part_Three_Akkadian_King_Sargon_I_otherwise_known_as_Naram-Sin</span></a><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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I wrote, regarding my thesis identification of Sargon II with Sennacherib:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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“Other factors seemingly in favour of the standard view that Sargon II and Sennacherib were two distinct kings may be, I suggest, put down to being ‘two sides of the same coin’.” And I went on to liken that situation to Sargon of Akkad and Naram-Sin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">two sides of the same coin.</i><o:p></o:p></div>
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Now here, when considering the so-called Ur III dynasty in relation to the Akkadian dynasty, but also, when considering Ur III’s Ur-Nammu in relation to Shulgi, I think that the “coin” maxim may continue to apply. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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Taking, firstly, the supposedly two dynasties, we find that the Akkadian one, very rich in legend, is quite poor in documentation. But might that surprising lack be supplied by the super-abundant documentation to be found with Ur III, as M. Van de Mieroop tells (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000 – 323 BC, </i>p. 72):<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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Virtually no period of ancient Near Eastern history presents the historian with such an abundance and variety of documentation [as does Ur III]. Indeed, even in all of the ancient histories of Greece and Rome, there are few periods where a similar profusion of textual material is found. <o:p></o:p></div>
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[End of quote]<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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On the other hand, whilst the Akkadian kings were greatly celebrated down through the centuries (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ibid., </i>p. 68): “There was no doubt in the public imagination that Sargon and Naram-Sin had been the greatest kings who ever ruled. They became the paradigms of powerful rulers and were the subjects of numerous detailed stories, created and preserved for almost two millennia”, this was by no means the case with the Ur III names (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ibid., </i>p. 72): “Remarkable is the lack of interest in this period by later Mesopotamians when compared to how the Akkadian kings were remembered. …. In later centuries, only a handful of references to the Ur III kings are found”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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And this, despite the massive volume of Ur III documentation!<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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On p. 73, Van de Mieroop will make a further distinction between Akkadian and Ur III: “The Ur III state was indeed of a different character than its predecessor: geographically more restricted in size, but internally more centrally organized”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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However, the full extent of the geography of Akkadian, of Ur III, has not been properly grasped, I would suggest, with Akkadian being incorrectly centred in Sumer, and Ur III ruling, not only Sumer, but Akkad as well. (Van de Mieroop, p. 71): “Ur-Namma … he could claim … a new title, “King of Sumer and Akkad”.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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Despite the apparent differences, there are also plenty of similarities.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(Van de Mieroop, p. 60): “A new system of taxation was developed …. In the reign of Naram-Sin, a standardization of accounting is visible in certain levels of administration in order to facilitate central control”. [Recall Ur III: “… internally more centrally organized”].<o:p></o:p></div>
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(P. 73): “The central administration [Recall Akkadian: “… administration in order to facilitate central control”] established a system of taxation that collected a substantial part of the provinces’ resources”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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Also Akkadian, Ur III, military and trade expansions were widespread.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(Van de Mieroop, p. 60): “[Sargon] claimed that he captured “fifty governors and the city of Uruk”.” P. 63: “The Akkadian kings focused their military attention on the regions of western Iran and northern Syria … east … Elam, Parahshum and Simurrum. In the north … Tuttul … Mari and Ebla”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(P. 74): “In the Persian Gulf, Ur maintained the trade contacts that had existed since [sic] the Old Akkadian period. P. 76: “In the Ur III sources … we find references to people from the Syrian cities of Tuttul, Ebla and Urushu …”. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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(Van de Mieroop, p. 63): “Ships from overseas areas, such as Dilmun … Magan … Meluhha … are said to have moored in Akkad’s harbor …”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(p. 76): “Already Ur-Namma claimed to have restored trade with Magan …”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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(Van de Mieroop, p. 61): “[Akkadian] introduction of an annual dating system …”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(p. 74): “… Shulgi may have attempted to introduce a standard calendar throughout the land”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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(Van de Mieroop, p. 64): “[Naram-Sin] After crushing a major rebellion … took the unprecedented step … of making himself a god”. <o:p></o:p></div>
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(P. 76): “Before his twentieth year of rule Shulgi was deified”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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(Van de Mieroop, p. 64): “[An Inscription in Iraq refers to] “Naram-Sin, the strong one …”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(Brit. Museum cylinder seal, no: <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">89131): “</span>Shulgi, the strong man … [<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">shul-gi nita kala-ga</i>]”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=368840&partId=1"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=368840&partId=1</span></a><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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This description of Naram-Sin, of Shulgi, could easily remind one of the biblical Nimrod (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">גִּבֹּ֖ר</b>), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gibbor,</i> “a mighty one”, “a strong one” (Genesis 10:8).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p><o:p> </o:p></div>
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Now, as in the case of the Akkadians with Sargon, and deified Naram-Sin, and Shar-kali-sharri, at least, all having been merged into the one king - different sides of the same coin, as I said - so may it possibly be with the Ur III dynasty, Ur-Nammu, and deified Shulgi, and Amar-Sin, to be merged together, but also, now to be interlaced with the Akkadians.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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In other words, our composite biblical Nimrod-Amraphel now to become, all at once:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt;">Sargon = Naram-Sin = Shar-kali-sharri = Ur-Nammu = Shulgi = Amar-Sin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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Already mentioned has been “Remarkable … [the] lack of interest in this period [Ur III] by later Mesopotamians …”. <o:p></o:p></div>
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And I have read somewhere that later generations tended to focus their attention (when they did actually refer back to the Ur III kingship) upon Shulgi to the exclusion of the other names.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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There is perhaps no ancient king who so resembles the Nimrod of the Bible and traditions in his strength and heroic deeds as does the long-reigning Shulgi. To give just this one description:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://www.ancientpages.com/2019/03/22/divine-shulgi-of-ur-influential-long-ruling-king-conqueror-and-native-akkadian-speaker-in-five-languages/"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">http://www.ancientpages.com/2019/03/22/divine-shulgi-of-ur-influential-long-ruling-king-conqueror-and-native-akkadian-speaker-in-five-languages/</span></a><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="color: #2a2a2a;">….<o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="color: #2a2a2a;">Shulgi Boasted Much About His Abilities And With Good Reason<o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">As the most influential ruler of Ur III king, Shulgi was native Akkadian speaker who was fluent in five languages like Elamite, Sumerian, Hurrian, Amorite and even Meluhhan (Dravidian). He was trained as a scribe and organized schools for scribes. He was a self-confident ruler who declared himself a divinity and established a tradition of royal praise for himself in many hymns.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/shulgimina11.jpg"><span style="color: #38b7ee; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Description: A half-mina weight (248 g.), bearing the name of king Shulgi"
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o:title="A half-mina weight (248 g"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p>....</o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">Shulgi boasts that he hunts lions and serpents in steppe…. without the aid of a net or enclosure… He claims to be so fast on his feet he can catch a gazelle on the run..” (Kramer N. S.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">Usually people wrote hymns for the gods, but Shulgi wrote a hymn to honor himself.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">In “The Sumerian World,” Harriet Crawford writes that “by some accounts, in 2088 BC, during what is known as the King’s Run, documents show that Shulgi claimed that during a celebration of <em><strong>eshesh</strong></em>, he ran the distance of the parade (200 miles round-trip) from Nippur to Ur and back.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">“That my name be established until distant days and that it leave not the mouth of men, that my praise be spread wide in the land; I, the runner rose in my strength… and from Nippur to Ur I resolved to travel…”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">"My black-headed people marveled at me" he wrote.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">The problem is that </span><a href="http://www.ancientpages.com/2016/09/06/nippur-holy-city-of-god-enlil-and-one-of-the-oldest-cities-of-sumer/"><strong><span style="color: #38b7ee; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none;">Nippur</span></strong><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #ff7200;"> </span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">was at the distance of 100 miles from Ur. Shulgi claimed that he run 100 miles and then he run back home again. All that happened in one day and during a storm. Did Shulgi really run 200 miles in the stormy weather or was it only a way to glorify himself? ….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">[End of quote]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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Works begun by Ur-Nammu, such as the great ziggurat of Ur (a replica of the Tower of Babel?), are thought to have been completed by Shulgi. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Ur-Nammu’s Law Code is attributed by some to Shulgi instead. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Two sides of the same coin? <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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And, just to include briefly (and to conclude with) Amar-Sin, I have previously written:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Normally one will find that, prior to, say, the C8th BC approximately, the conventional history is well out of kilter with the biblical history. In the case of the Ur III dynasty, however, which some consider to be contemporaneous with Abraham, the unusual situation may actually be that these two histories are in fact closely synchronous. Revisionist scholar, David Rohl – presumably following Herb Storck (see below) – has accepted this syncretism between the two and has proceeded to identify Abraham’s contemporary, Amraphel of Shinar, with Ur III’s Amar-Sin (c. 1980 BC, conventional dating).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Despite the likes of Kenneth Kitchen arguing that the Genesis 14 coalition of kings would have to have occurred at a time in Mesopotamian history when, in the words of McClellan “no individual dynasty had complete control over the region” (Kitchen wrote on this):</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">However, by contrast with the Levant, this kind of alliance of eastern states was only possible at certain periods. Before the Akkadian Empire, Mesopotamia was divided between the Sumerian city-states, but this is far too early for our narrative (pre-2300). After an interval of Gutian interference, Mesopotamia was then dominated by the Third Dynasty of Ur, whose influence reached in some form as far west as north Syria and Byblos. After its fall, circa 2000, Mesopotamia was divided between a series of kingdoms, Isin, Larsa, Eshnunna, Assyria, etc., with Mari and various local powers in lands farther north and west. This situation lasted until the eighteenth century, when Hammurabi of Babylon eliminated most of his rivals. From circa 1600/1500 onward, Assyria and Babylon (now under Kassite rule) dominated Mesopotamia, sharing with none except briefly Mitanni (ca. 1500 to mid-thirteenth century) within the Euphrates’ west bend, and the marginal Khana and Sea-land princedoms were eliminated in due course. Thus, from circa 2000 to 1750 (1650 at the extreme), we have the one and only period during which extensive power alliances were common in Mesopotamia and with its neighbors (Kitchen 2003, p. 320) [,]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">I think it is quite possible that this coalition could have consisted of two dominant rulers, </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Amraphel and Chedorlaomer of Elam, and two of their governors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Did not the neo-Assyrian kings later boast that their ‘governors were all kings’?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Thus the two other coalitional kings listed in Genesis 14:1, “Arioch king of Ellasar”, and “Tidal king of Goyim”, were likely of secondary status by comparison with Amraphel and Chedorlaomer, and may thus have been only local rulers, e.g., <i>ensi-</i>governors. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Herb Storck has made some potentially important observations regarding these two characters, <i>Erioch</i> and <i>Tidal, </i>in his article, “The Early Assyrian King List, The Genealogy of the Hammurapi Dynasty, and the ‘Greater Amorite’ Tradition” (<i>C and AH Proceedings</i> 3, 1986).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Here I reproduce a summary I made of the relevant parts of this article back in 2002:</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Storck’s identification of the name 16 [in Assyrian King List: AKL], Ushpia (Ishbak), with the “Ushpia … known to have built at Ashur, according to a later tradition by Shalmaneser”, and his dating of this Ushpia “as a later contemporary of Abraham … [to] the later part of Ur III dynasty” now encourages me to try to identify members of the Mesopotamian coalition of Genesis 14 during Ur III, at the time of Abraham. Since Storck has already dealt with these four kings in part, I shall begin where he does, with Arioch of Ellasar [p. 45. Storck had already noted, with reference to Poebel, that the name Azarah might be composed of a Western Semitic (WS) form, “to come forth” and WHR “moon” (month)]:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">A certain Arioch of Ellasar, furthermore, is cited as one of the four kings against five. This Arioch may provisionally be identified with Azarah if “WRH” moon (month) is closer to the original etymology. Ellasar has received various treatments over the years: Larsa al sarri or “city of the King”, Til Assuri, “the country of Assyria” and/or “the city of Assur ….The connection between Ellasar is explained as a derived form of A LA-SAR, an ideogram denoting the city of Assyria” …. That “Assur” is meant here may receive further support if the connection with Arioch-Azarah is defensible. However, to the best of our knowledge A LA SAR is not an attested reading for Assur. We therefore suggest that it was heard as “alu Assur” and “Ellasar” is an attempt to render this, based on oral transmission.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Now in the later part of the Ur III dynasty era – the era for Abraham according to Storck’s view – at the time of Amar-Sin of Ur (c. 2046-2038 BC, conventional dating), we read of an official of Ashur who may well be this Arioch/Azarah. He is Zariqum. I quote regarding him from the <i>Cambridge Ancient History</i> [Vol. I, pt. 2 (3rd ed.), p. 602]: </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“From Ashur itself comes a stone tablet dedicated by Zariqum, calling himself governor of Ashur, ‘for the life of Amar-Sin the mighty, king of Ur, king of the four regions’, whereby it is certain that Ashur was a vassal-city of Ur under its next king”.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The name Zariqum contains the main elements of both Arioch (ariq) and Azarah (zari), thus supporting Storck’s view that these are the same names, and further linking the king lists and the Bible. But this quotation may tell us more with regard to the coalition. It in fact gives us the name of the Sumerian ruler whom Zariqum served: Amar-Sin (var. Amar-Su’en).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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[End of quotes]<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
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I think that there is an excellent possibility that Amar-Sin - with whom in this article I have merged Akkadian as well as other of the Ur III king names - was likewise the biblical Nimrod-Amraphel (in league with Arioch-Zariqum). <o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-46719783361619903032019-06-13T19:12:00.004-07:002019-06-13T19:14:31.614-07:00Amraphel can be Nimrod, not Hammurabi<br />
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 28pt;"><a data-cthref="/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiltP2O8-fiAhXIV30KHYU-BmsQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnarrowmindedwoman.com%2Flife-abraham-war%2F&psig=AOvVaw2TKptxchvxnMq8w8lntLP_&ust=1560564791927825" data-ved="2ahUKEwiltP2O8-fiAhXIV30KHYU-BmsQjRx6BAgBEAU" href="https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiltP2O8-fiAhXIV30KHYU-BmsQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnarrowmindedwoman.com%2Flife-abraham-war%2F&psig=AOvVaw2TKptxchvxnMq8w8lntLP_&ust=1560564791927825" id="irc_mil" jsaction="mousedown:irc.rl;focus:irc.rl;irc.il;" style="border-image: none; border: 0px currentColor;" target="_blank"><img alt="Image result for amraphel of shinar" data-iml="1560478419387" height="355" id="irc_mi" src="https://i1.wp.com/www.narrowmindedwoman.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Life-of-Abraham_-War-FB.png?fit=810%2C450&ssl=1" style="margin-top: 0px;" width="640" /></a><br /><strong><em></em></strong></span><br />
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 28pt;"><strong><em><br /></em></strong></span><br />
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 28pt;"><strong><em>"Amraphel
King of Shinar” was not King Hammurabi</em></strong></span></div>
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<em><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"><strong> </strong></span></em></div>
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<em><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 20pt;"><strong><br /></strong></span></em><br />
<em><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 20pt;"><strong>Part
Two: </strong></span></em></div>
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<em><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 20pt;"><strong>Amraphel
can be Nimrod, not Hammurabi</strong></span></em></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.blackhistoryinthebible.com/the-hamites/nimrod-the-first-world-leader/" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a></span><br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b></div>
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<em><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 20pt;"><strong>by</strong></span></em></div>
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<em><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"><strong> </strong></span></em></div>
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<em><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 20pt;"><strong>Damien F. Mackey</strong></span></em></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">“Thus, scholars identify
Hammurabi with Amraphel, and the sages identify</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Amraphel with Nimrod. This
leads us to the conclusion that, based on midrashic tradition, Amraphel, Nimrod
and Hammurabi are all the same person”.</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">David S. Farkas</span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">King Hammurabi of Babylon (c. 1810 – c. 1750 BC, conventional dating), whose memorable Law Code -
or however historians would choose to describe the document - is thought to
have influenced Mosaïc Law itself, is the sort of king for whom historians go
searching in the Bible. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Thus David S. Farkas has written just such
a paper: </span></div>
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<span style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://jbqnew.jewishbible.org/assets/Uploads/393/jbq_393_Hammurabi.pdf"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://jbqnew.jewishbible.org/assets/Uploads/393/jbq_393_Hammurabi.pdf</span></a></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i></div>
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<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0.45pt 0cm 0pt 22.6pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">IN SEARCH OF THE BIBLICAL HAMMURABI</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The problem with an effort like Farkas’ is
that, with King Hammurabi so seriously mis-dated, as he has been, a historian
will always be looking at a biblical phase almost a millennium of centuries too
early for King Hammurabi of Babylon.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">I have often quoted Dr. Donovan Courville’s
wonderful description of the conventional Hammurabi, as “<em><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">floating</span></em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>about in a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><em><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">liquid chronology of Chaldea</span></em>”. See e.g. my article:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/35724086/Problematical_King_Jabin_"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Problematical
King "Jabin"</span></a></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "roboto"; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/people/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=damien+f.+mackey+problematical+king+%22jabin%22"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/people/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=damien+f.+mackey+problematical+king+%22jabin%22</span></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b></div>
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<i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">“Mention of “Jabin of Hazor”
in one of the Mari letters has led even some astute revisionists, such as Drs.
Courville and Osgood, seeking more solid ground for the Hammurabic era, to bind
Hammurabi and Zimri-Lim to the era of Joshua and his foe, Jabin of Hazor”.</span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">While David S. Farkas may be right on track
when linking Amraphel with Nimrod, his further push for a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">trifecta</i> (Amraphel = Nimrod = Hammurabi) is a chronological ‘bridge
too far’.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Farkas has written, adhering to the old
view that biblical “Shinar” was Sumer:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Italic;">AND IT CAME TO PASS IN THE DAYS OF AMRAPHEL KING OF
SHINAR, ARIOCH KING</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Italic;">OF ELLASAR, CHEDORLAOMER KING OF ELAM…</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">In Genesis we learn of a major battle that took place near the Dead Sea.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">The first of the kings mentioned is </span><i><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Italic;">Amraphel</span></i><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">, king of </span><i><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Italic;">Shinar. </span></i><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">Who exactly was this king? Ever since the days of the famed
Assyriologist, Eberhard Schrader (1836-1908), scholars have identified this
king with none other than Hammurabi. Many points have been observed in support
of this. The assonance of names, for example, is striking. According to many
scholars the two names are extremely close phonetically, if not actually
identical.4 The connection between the two names becomes clearer when we
consider that the familiar English spellings of the names as we know them are
really approximations of </span><i><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Italic;">Ammi-rabi
</span></i><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">or </span><i><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Italic;">Ammurapi </span></i><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">or </span><i><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Italic;">Hammum-rabi</span></i><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">, some of which are close to </span><i><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Italic;">Amraphel</span></i><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">. Moreover,
Amraphel's kingdom, Shinar, has long been identified with the
Sumerian/Babylonian Empire where Hammurabi held sway.5 Thus, there is some
degree of evidence that enables us to identify one with the other.6</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">This alone, then, might appear to have resolved our question. Hammurabi
is mentioned in the Bible, only he is mentioned by the name of Amraphel. Yet this
answer, by itself, is unsatisfying. For we know Hammurabi to have been a famous
potentate, one of the first great rulers of recorded civilization.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">Amraphel, by contrast, is barely known today outside of the Bible, if at
all. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">It seems very unusual that the great and mighty Hammurabi should be
identified</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">with so anonymous a figure as Amraphel.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">Here is where the rabbinic sages enter the picture. According to our
sages, as shown below, Amraphel is none other than the famous Nimrod. Nimrod, of
course, was hardly a run-of-the-mill ruler. Genesis describes him as the first
man to amass power.7 There are many extant rabbinical legends and traditions concerning
Nimrod. Perhaps the most famous speaks of him having Abraham thrown into a
fiery furnace in Ur Kasdim.8 Another legend holds that Nimrod came into
possession of Adam's hunting garments (which gave him control over the wild
beasts) until it was forcefully wrested away from him by Esau.9 The description
of him as a "powerful" ruler, and the legends that sprang up around
him, show that he was seen already in ancient times as an important figure.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">These legends are critically important to our investigation. Nimrod, our
sages say, is named such because he brought "rebellion" to the world
against God, a play on the word </span><i><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Italic;">mered </span></i><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">which forms the root
of the name </span><i><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Italic;">Nimrod</span></i><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">.10</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span></div>
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<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">Nimrod is identified with </span><i><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Italic;">Amraphel</span></i><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">, because he told (</span><i><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Italic;">amar</span></i><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">) Abraham to fall ([</span><i><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Italic;">na</span></i><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">]</span><i><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Italic;">fal</span></i><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">) into the furnace, in the above-mentioned legendary
incident in Ur Kasdim.11 Still another midrash holds that Nimrod is also called
</span><i><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Italic;">Amraphel </span></i><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">because his words caused "darkness", a </span><i><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Italic;">notarikon</span></i><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">-type play on the words </span><i><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Italic;">amarah </span></i><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">("statement")
and </span><i><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Italic;">afelah </span></i><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">("darkness").12</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span></div>
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<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">Thus, scholars identify Hammurabi with Amraphel, and the sages identify Amraphel
with Nimrod. This leads us to the conclusion that, based on midrashic tradition,
Amraphel, Nimrod and Hammurabi are all the same person. Indeed, the name
Hammurabi might actually mean "</span><i><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Italic;">Ham </span></i><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">the Great", for
Nimrod was the grandson of Ham, son of Noah. Thus, Hammurabi is indeed mentioned
in the Torah. The same man portrayed in the Bible as the mighty king Nimrod is
known today to the world at large as the mighty king Hammurabi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">While the Midrash is not an historical source, this identification fits
both the biblical narrative and what we know of the history of the ancient Near
East in the relevant time frame. For in the epic Dead Sea battle described in the
Bible, Amraphel is portrayed as subservient to the neighboring Elamite king,
Chedorlaomer. The "five kings" of ancient Canaan rebelled against
this Elamite king after twelve years of subservience, causing Chedorlaomer to take
up arms to quell the rebellion. This description accords with what we know of
Hammurabi's exploits against the Elamite enemies of Babylon.13</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">Yet something still nags at the reader. Why would Hammurabi, if our
hypothesis is correct, be described in Genesis 10:9 as "a mighty hunter before
the Lord"? This seems like a strange description for a king. Moreover,
Nimrod was depicted by the sages as someone who caused the world to rebel
against God. Nimrod brought "darkness" to the world. Hammurabi, on
the other hand, is known to the world as a great king, as one who introduced
the rule of law into an uncivilized society through his civil code. So who was
he – a despotic tyrant – or a wise leader devoted to the rule of law? Can these
two diametrically opposing viewpoints be reconciled?14</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">Jewish tradition holds that the ideal law is God's law, as expressed in
His Torah. Man might be obligated to establish legal codes for temporal life, codes
with which man is expected to abide. But no man-made legal system could ever
supplant God's Torah as the ideal legal system. The very suggestion of it is
ludicrous, in the eyes of tradition, for no mere mortal could ever match the
divine wisdom contained in the Torah.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">With the emergence of Hammurabi/Nimrod, though, we can imagine that men
began to look at things differently. No longer was God the final arbiter on
what was right or wrong. Instead, man was. The Torah had yet to be given in
Nimrod's time, but according to rabbinic tradition, the Noahide laws were already
known. With the enactment and acceptance of Hammurabi's Code, man began to
emerge from his complete dependence upon God as the source of all law.
Hammurabi's Code gave mankind the gift of self-government. Although Hammurabi
pays lip service to the god of justice as the originator of the Code, and on
the top of the stone stele is a carved relief of Hammurabi receiving the law
from the sun god Shamash,15 in the preamble and epilogue he himself claims to
be the wise author of the laws.16 This code taught man that God alone was no
longer the source of the law. Rather, the law was to come from man, using the
human faculties endowed within him. ….</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">[End of quote]</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><a href="https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi0xMfV7efiAhXPV30KHRxyA6cQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.in%2FCode-Hammurabi-Oldest-World-Promulgated-ebook%2Fdp%2FB077L9LF3R&psig=AOvVaw27rveH72UHlk_gEcvAQKsd&ust=1560563354614887" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a></span><br /></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The tortuous chronology
of King Hammurabi of Babylon, of which Dr. Courville had written, is further considered
by Anne Habermehl, in “</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Where in the World Is the Tower of Babel?”
(2011), “</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "lato";">it is possible that
no other ancient king has been assigned such widely varying dates in history”</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">:</span></div>
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<span style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://answersingenesis.org/tower-of-babel/where-in-the-world-is-the-tower-of-babel/"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://answersingenesis.org/tower-of-babel/where-in-the-world-is-the-tower-of-babel/</span></a></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
</div>
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<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "lato";">A theory that enjoyed a long period of popularity was
that Amraphel of Genesis 14 was the same person as Hammurabi, sixth king of the
first dynasty of the Old Babylonian Kingdom (see Pinches 2010, for example).
Those who accepted that these two men were the same person could therefore say
that, because Amraphel was king of Shinar, therefore Shinar had to be Babylon.
(They do not question why the Bible would say “king of Shinar” rather than
“king of Babylon.) However, there were persistent problems with this
identification. Albright (1924) argued that, although both Amraphel and
Hammurabi were names that clearly were of Amorite origin, attempts to make the
two names equivalent required linguistic manipulation that was not really
possible. Another difficulty was inherent in attempts to work out the necessary
chronology that could put these two men in the same time frame. According to the
biblical narrative, Amraphel lived in the time of Abraham; the events of
Genesis 14 would therefore have taken place around 1900 BC by the biblical
timeline of Jones (2007, p. 24) (this was some time after Abraham’s migration
into Canaan). Determining when Hammurabi reigned has been the subject of
considerable disagreement among scholars, and it is possible that no other
ancient king has been assigned such widely varying dates in history. Goodspeed
(1902, p. 109) gave Hammurabi a date of about 2300 BC for the beginning of his
reign, but that has been reduced; most scholars currently put him somewhere
around 1700–1900 BC (Oates 1979, p. 24). However, these dates are based on the
inflated standard Egyptian chronology (the subject of revision of this Egyptian
timeline will be discussed further on in this paper). Velikovsky (1999) makes a
good case for putting Hammurabi somewhere in the sixteenth century BC; this is
supported by archaeological finds in Crete that place Hammurabi in the time of
the twelfth dynasty (Nilsson 1928, p. 385; Pendlebury 1930, p. 4).<a href="https://answersingenesis.org/tower-of-babel/where-in-the-world-is-the-tower-of-babel/#fn_5" id="ftnLink_5-5" title="Footnote 5"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.5pt;">5</span></a>
Hammurabi therefore would have reigned about 350 years after Amraphel. ….</span></div>
</div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "lato"; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-AU">[End
of quote]</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "lato"; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "lato"; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "lato";">Unfortunately, Habermehl will dismiss as “rather
unlikely” the very revised era of the Babylonian king (Dean Hickman’s) that
makes the most sense (at least in my opinion), the era of David and Solomon. Se
e.g. my multi-part series:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "lato"; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/30639370/Davidic_Influence_on_King_Hammurabi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Davidic
Influence on King Hammurabi</span></a></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto"; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "lato";">beginning with:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "lato"; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "lato"; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/people/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=damien+f.+mackey+davidic+influence+on+king+hammurabi"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/people/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=damien+f.+mackey+davidic+influence+on+king+hammurabi</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "lato";"> </span></div>
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<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "lato";">Far from Hammurabi influencing Moses, the great King
of Babylon was heavily influenced by the culture and writings of David and
Solomon (Ecclesiastes, for instance, shaping the Epilogue to the pagan Law
Code). I have previously written on this:</span></div>
</div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "lato";"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">There are also some interesting speculations showing some
parallels between the Bible and the life and laws of Hammurabi. One
theme concept in both the Levitical law and the Code of Hammurabi that repeat …
again and again are, namely: “eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot
for foot, burn for burn, wound for wound, bruise for bruise”. (Exodus
21:24-25). Although Hammurabi did not know it, the principles in his laws
reflected the Biblical principle of sowing and reaping as found in Galatians
6:78 and Proverbs 22:8: “Do not be deceived, God cannot be mocked. A man reaps
what he sows”. (Galatians 6:7) <a href="http://www.specialtyinterests.net/hammurabi.html#dnb"><span style="color: #ff7200;">[</span></a><a href="http://www.specialtyinterests.net/hammurabi.html#dnb"><span style="color: #ff7200;">200</span></a><a href="http://www.specialtyinterests.net/hammurabi.html#dnb"><span style="color: #ff7200;">]</span></a>.</span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">“He who sows wickedness reaps trouble”. (Proverbs 22:8a).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Likewise we read in the Book of Ecclesiastes of king Solomon (12:9-14):</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Epilogue</span></strong></div>
<br />
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<strong><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></strong></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Besides being wise, the Teacher [Qoheleth] also taught the people
knowledge, weighing and studying and arranging many proverbs. <a href="http://www.specialtyinterests.net/hammurabi.html#tqo"><span style="color: #ff7200;">[</span></a><a href="http://www.specialtyinterests.net/hammurabi.html#tqo"><span style="color: #ff7200;">255</span></a><a href="http://www.specialtyinterests.net/hammurabi.html#tqo"><span style="color: #ff7200;">]</span></a> The Teacher
sought to find pleasing words, and he wrote words of truth plainly. The sayings
of the wise are like goads, and like nails firmly fixed are the collected
sayings that are given by one shepherd. Of anything beyond these, my child,
beware. Of making many books there is no end, and much study is a
weariness of the flesh. The end of the matter: all has been heard. Fear God,
and keep his commandments; for that is the whole duty of everyone. For God will
bring every deed into judgment, including every secret thing, whether good or
evil. ….</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Now Hammurabi’s Code too, just like Solomon’s Ecclesiastes, starts with a
Preface (similarly the Book of Proverbs has a Prologue) and ends with an
Epilogue, in which we find an echo of many of Solomon’s above sentiments, and
others, beginning with Hammurabi as wise, as a teacher, and as a protecting <em><strong>shepherd
</strong></em>king. Let us consider firstly Hammurabi’s Epilogue, in relation to
Solomon’s (Ecclesiastes’) Epilogue above (buzz words given in italics):</span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">HAMMURABI’S CODE OF LAWS</span></strong></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
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<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Translated by L. W. King</span></div>
</div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">THE EPILOGUE</span></strong></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">LAWS of justice which Hammurabi, the <em><strong>wise </strong></em>king, established. A <em><strong>righteous
</strong></em>law, and pious statute <em><strong>did he teach </strong></em>the land. Hammurabi, the
protecting king am I. I have not withdrawn myself from the men, whom Bel gave
to me, the rule over whom Marduk gave to me, I was not negligent, but I made
them a peaceful abiding-place. I expounded all great difficulties, I made
the light shine upon them. … I am the salvation-bearing <em><strong>shepherd .</strong></em>.
. .</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Wisdom 1:1: “Love <em><strong>righteousness</strong></em>, you rulers of the earth …”.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Ecclesiastes 9:1: “ … how the <em><strong>righteous </strong></em>and the <em><strong>wise </strong></em>…
are in the hand of God”.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">1 Kings 4:29: “God gave Solomon very great <em><strong>wisdom</strong></em>, discernment,
and breadth of understanding, as vast as the sand on the seashore”.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">As we are going to find, Solomon was not shy about broadcasting his
wisdom and the fact that he had exceeded all others in it.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">For example (Ecclesiastes 1:16): “I said to myself, ‘I have acquired great <em><strong>wisdom</strong></em>,
surpassing all who were over Jerusalem before me; and my mind has great
experience of <em><strong>wisdom </strong></em>and knowledge’.”</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Similarly, Knight writes of Hammurabi: “The conclusion of the inscription
sounds like a hymn of high-keyed self-praise”. Indeed, that Hammurabi had no
doubt in his own mind that he was the wisest of all is evident from this next
statement (Epilogue): “… there is no wisdom like unto mine …”.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">However, just as Solomon, in his ‘Prayer for Wisdom’ (Book of Wisdom
7:15-17), had attributed his wisdom to God:</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">“May God grant me to speak with judgment, and to have thoughts worthy of
what I have received; for He is the guide even of wisdom and the corrector of
the wise. For both we and our words are in His hand, as are all understanding
and skill in crafts. For it is He who gave me unerring knowledge of what exists
…”.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">So did the by now polytheistic Hammurabi attribute his wisdom to the
Babylonian gods (Epilogue):</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">“… with the keen vision with which Ea endowed me, with the wisdom that
Marduk gave me, I have … subdued the earth, brought prosperity to the land,
guaranteed security to the inhabitants in their homes; a disturber was not
permitted. The great gods have called me …”.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">“I, the Teacher, when king over Israel in Jerusalem applied my mind to seek
and search out by wisdom all that is done under heaven …”. Eccl. 1:12.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">“I turned my mind to know and to search out and to seek wisdom and the sum
of things, and to know that wickedness is folly and that foolishness is
madness”. Eccl. 7:25.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Solomon too, like Hammurabi, exhorted other kings and officials to follow
his way. Compare for instance Wisdom 6:1-9:</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Listen therefore, O kings, and understand; learn, O judges of the ends of
the earth. Give ear you that rule over multitudes, and boast of many nations.
For your dominion was given you from the Lord, and your sovereignty from the
Most High; he will search out your works and inquire into your plans. Because
as servants of his kingdom you did not rule rightly, or keep the law, or walk
according to the purpose of God, he will come upon you terribly and swiftly,
because severe judgment falls on those in high places. For the lowliest may be
pardoned in mercy, but the mighty will be mightily tested. For the Lord of all
will not stand in awe of anyone, or show deference to greatness; because he
himself made both small and great, and he takes thought for all alike. But a
strict inquiry is in store for the mighty. To you then, O monarchs, my words
are directed, so that you may learn wisdom and not transgress.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">with these parts of Hammurabi’s Epilogue:</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">In future time, through all coming generations, let the king, who may be in
the land, observe the words of righteousness which I have written on my
monument; let him not alter the law of the land which I have given, the edicts
which I have enacted; my monument let him not mar. If such a ruler have wisdom,
and be able to keep his land in order, he shall observe the words which I have
written in this inscription; the rule, statute, and law of the land which I
have given; the decisions which I have made will this inscription show him; let
him rule his subjects accordingly, speak justice to them, give right decisions,
root out the miscreants and criminals from this land, and grant prosperity to
his subjects.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">And, more threateningly:</span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">If a succeeding ruler considers my words, which I have written in this my
inscription, if he do not annul my law, nor corrupt my words, nor change my monument,
then may Shamash lengthen that king’s reign, as he has that of me, the king of
righteousness, that he may reign in righteousness over his subjects. If this
ruler do not esteem my words, which I have written in my inscription, if he
despise my curses, and fear not the curse of God, if he destroy the law which I
have given, corrupt my words, change my monument, efface my name, write his
name there, or on account of the curses commission another so to do, that man,
whether king or ruler, patesi, or commoner, no matter what he be, may the great
God (Anu), the Father of the gods, who has ordered my rule, withdraw from him
the glory of royalty, break his scepter, curse his destiny. May Bel, the lord,
who fixeth destiny, whose command cannot be altered, who has made my kingdom
great, order a rebellion which his hand cannot control; may he let the wind of
the overthrow of his habitation blow, may he ordain the years of his rule in
groaning, years of scarcity, years of famine, darkness without light, death with
seeing eyes be fated to him; may he (Bel) order with his potent mouth the
destruction of his city, the dispersion of his subjects, the cutting off of his
rule, the removal of his name and memory from the land. May Belit, the great
Mother, whose command is potent in E-Kur (the Babylonian Olympus), the
Mistress, who harkens graciously to my petitions, in the seat of judgment and
decision (where Bel fixes destiny), turn his affairs evil before Bel, and put
the devastation of his land, the destruction of his subjects, the pouring out
of his life like water into the mouth of King Bel.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">And in the same fashion Hammurabi goes on and on, before similarly
concluding:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">May he lament the loss of his life-power, and may the great gods of heaven
and earth, the Anunaki, altogether inflict a curse and evil upon the confines
of the temple, the walls of this E-barra (the Sun temple of Sippara), upon his
dominion, his land, his warriors, his subjects, and his troops. May Bel curse
him with the potent curses of his mouth that cannot be altered, and may they
come upon him forthwith.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">[End of quotes]</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "lato";"> </span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "lato";">But, according to Habermehl:</span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "lato"; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
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<div style="border-image: none;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "lato";">There are some who have attempted to bring Hammurabi
all the way down to the tenth century BC to make him contemporary with David
and Solomon (as argued by Hickman 1986), but this author considers this drastic
reduction rather unlikely. In any case, the conclusion is that there is little
likelihood that Amraphel could have lived at the same time as Hammurabi.</span></div>
</div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "lato"; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
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<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "lato";">Some early voices had dissented from the idea that
Shinar was in the south. Fraser (1834, pp. 216–217) opined that putting the
Tower of Babel in the same place as Babylon (Fraser refers to Beke 1834, pp.
24–26) was a novel idea and “an erroneous notion” because then Ararat would
have been north of Babel and not east of it. </span></div>
</div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "lato"; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
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<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "lato";">Later on, Albright (1924) wrote a paper to show that
Shinar was basically the ancient kingdom of Hanna, a territory in Northern
Syria, bordered by the Euphrates on the west. Gemser (1968, pp. 35–36) thought
that “Sanhara . . . seems to have been one of the four major powers
in Northern Syria after the fall of the state of Mari.” We will further discuss
locating Shinar in this northern area later on in this paper. ….</span></div>
</div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "lato";">[End of quote]</span></div>
<br />
<div align="right" style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: right;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "lato";"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU">One finds, when building
upon Dean Hickman’s marvellous foundational work in his article, “The Dating of
Hammurabi” (<em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Proceedings</span></i></em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> of the 3rd Seminar of Catastrophism and
Ancient History,</i> Uni. of Toronto, 1985), there arise irresistible
biblico-historical correspondences.</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-41366216026560879042019-06-13T17:50:00.000-07:002019-06-13T17:50:08.578-07:00Book of Jasher has Nimrod contemporaneous with Chedorlaomer <br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><em> </em><a data-cthref="/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjKio_W3efiAhVBb30KHXu7A3EQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D2CM-gTmRHXc&psig=AOvVaw0LN_8---0F5FghwuCeqOUh&ust=1560559006084951" data-ved="2ahUKEwixmpDm3efiAhVQWysKHf3BBPEQjRx6BAgBEAU" href="http://www.blackhistoryinthebible.com/the-hamites/nimrod-the-first-world-leader/" id="irc_mil" jsaction="mousedown:irc.rl;focus:irc.rl;irc.il;" style="border-image: none; border: 0px currentColor;" target="_blank"><img alt="Image result for nimrod" data-iml="1560472696588" height="442" id="irc_mi" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/proxy/_7cPk0FGF2eRBNHS7DH5qHdQRHDxoR17s4gP2A-Gm0ww7qnmLe8mI5C0yjJWfedycraZ0PBi_MehanNh-2njoTmjrpX3EqIaptm7E2zdXtYR8xPfd8LXE79n7aD9L2y1=s0-d" style="margin-top: 0px;" width="626" /></a></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></i><br /><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">“At that time Chedorlaomer king of Elam sent to all the neighboring kings, to Nimrod, </span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">king of Shinar who was then under his power, and to Tidal, king of Goyim, and to Arioch, king of Elasar, with whom he made a covenant, saying, Come up to me and assist me, </span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">that we may smite all the towns of Sodom and its inhabitants, for they have rebelled </span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">against me these thirteen years”.</span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU">Book of Jasher, 13:1</span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU"> <span lang="EN-AU"> <span lang="EN-AU"> </span></span></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 8pt;"> <span lang="EN-AU"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">While the Book of Jasher, which is indeed referred to in the Bible, may be handy as a reference, it does not have the authority of the Scriptures.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="https://www.compellingtruth.org/book-of-Jasher.html"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.compellingtruth.org/book-of-Jasher.html</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #811517; font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: medium;">The Book of Jasher - What is it? </span></h1>
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<span style="color: #811517; font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: medium;">Should the Book of Jasher be in the Bible?</span></h1>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
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<span itemprop="articleBody"><span lang="EN-AU">….</span></span></div>
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<span itemprop="articleBody"><span lang="EN-AU"><br />The first place this writing is mentioned can be found in <a data-purpose="bible-reference" data-reference="Josh 10.13" data-version="esv" href="https://biblia.com/bible/esv/Josh%2010.13" target="_blank"><span style="color: #ff7200;">Joshua 10:13</span></a>. There we read, "Is this not written in the Book of Jashar? The sun stopped in the midst of heaven and did not hurry to set for about a whole day." In this account, God had supernaturally caused the sun to be "stopped in the midst of heaven" to allow Joshua and the Israelites the light they needed to win a military victory. Joshua notes that this event was also recorded accurately in the Book of Jasher. He did not state whether all of the Book of Jasher is accurate, its origin, or whether it should be in the Bible.</span></span></div>
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<span itemprop="articleBody"><span lang="EN-AU"><br /> The second place the Book of Jasher is mentioned is in <a data-purpose="bible-reference" data-reference="2 Sam 1.18-27" data-version="esv" href="https://biblia.com/bible/esv/2%20Sam%201.18-27" target="_blank"><span style="color: #ff7200;">2 Samuel 1:18-27</span></a>. The text contains a lament written by David concerning the deaths of Saul and Saul's son Jonathan. Again, no mention is made of the background of the Book of Jasher. Further, the quote simply notes that this account was also included in another source.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><br /> In the 1700s a Book of Jasher was published that alleged to be a translation of the Book of Jasher by Alcuin, an eighth-century British writer. Another work named Pseudo-Jasher and written in Hebrew is dated to the 1600s but is also not connected with the version mentioned in the Old Testament. Though its claim to be the original is inaccurate, its introduction notes other attempts at a Book of Jasher "by Zerahiah Ha-Yevani of the 13th century. There is also known to have been one written by Rabbi Jacob ben Mier of the 12th century, and one by Rabbi Jonah ben Abraham of Gerona of the 14th century. We are told of a work by that title from the Amoraim period (3rd to 6th centuries) that is characterized as containing 'for the most part sayings of the sages of the first and second centuries.'" Again, however, the original work of the Book of Jasher is apparently lost and is now only known through its two references in the Bible.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><br /> Because the Book of Jasher no longer exists, it clearly cannot be part of the Bible. Yet even if it did exist today, there is no reason to believe it would need to be added to the Bible. The Old Testament writings were already affirmed and had been translated into Greek before the time of Christ. No biblical writer claimed the Book of Jasher was divine; only that it served as another source to confirm for two biblical references.</span> ….</div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">[End of quote]</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjk4M-D2-fiAhVYfSsKHUJUC_IQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Fweareisrael.org%2Fgetting-started%2Fthe-book-of-jasher%2F&psig=AOvVaw3M7MbehOH2ecwBD8Xj1JPV&ust=1560558330563970" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a></span><br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">According to chapters 13 and 16 of the Book of Jasher, Nimrod himself was the Shinarian king who formed a coalition with Chedorlaomer of Elam against the rebellious kings of Pentapolis. If this be correct, then <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nimrod</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">was the biblical Amraphel</i> (Genesis 14:1-2): “<a href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3117.htm" title="3117: biMei (Prep-b :: N-mpc) -- A day"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">In those days</span></a> <a href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/569.htm" title="569: amraFel (N-proper-ms) -- Amraphel -- king of Shinar"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Amraphel</span></a> <a href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/4428.htm" title="4428: Melech (N-msc) -- A king"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">king</span></a> <a href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/8152.htm" title="8152: shinAr (N-proper-fs) -- Shinar -- another name for Babylon"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">of Shinar,</span></a> <a href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/746.htm" title="746: arYoch (N-proper-ms) -- Arioch -- king of Ellasar"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Arioch</span></a> <a href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/4428.htm" title="4428: Melech (N-msc) -- A king"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">king</span></a> <a href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/495.htm" title="495: ellaSar (N-proper-ms) -- Ellasar -- a country of unknown location"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">of Ellasar,</span></a> <a href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3540.htm" title="3540: kedarelaOmer (N-proper-ms) -- Chedorlaomer -- a king of Elam"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chedorlaomer</span></a> <a href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/4428.htm" title="4428: Melech (N-msc) -- A king"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">king</span></a> <a href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/5867.htm" title="5867: eiLam (N-proper-fs) -- Elam -- a son of Shem, also his descendants and their country"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">of Elam,</span></a> <a href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/8413.htm" title="8413: vetidAl (Conj-w :: N-proper-ms) -- Tidal -- perhaps a Canaanite king"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">and Tidal</span></a> <a href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/4428.htm" title="4428: Melech (N-msc) -- A king"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">king</span></a> <a href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/1471.htm" title="1471: goYim (N-mp) -- A foreign nation, a Gentile, a troop of animals, a flight of locusts"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">of Goiim</span></a> went to war against Bera king of Sodom, Birsha king of Gomorrah, Shinab king of Admah, Shemeber king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela (that is, Zoar)”.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">The Book of Jasher, which describes this event somewhat similarly, tells that Nimrod had formerly been subdued by Chedorlaomer of Elam, but was now his ally:</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Book of Jasher chapter 13</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">….</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">11 In the fifth year of Abram's dwelling in the land of Canaan the people of Sodom and Gomorrah and all the cities of the plain revolted from the power of Chedorlaomer, king of Elam; for all the kings of the cities of the plain had served Chedorlaomer for twelve years, and given him a yearly tax, but in those days in the thirteenth year, they rebelled against him.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">12 And in the tenth year of Abram's dwelling in the land of Canaan there was war between Nimrod king of Shinar and Chedorlaomer king of Elam, and Nimrod came to fight with Chedorlaomer and to subdue him.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">13 For Chedorlaomer was at that time one of the princes of the hosts of Nimrod, and when all the people at the tower were dispersed and those that remained were also scattered upon the face of the earth, Chedorlaomer went to the land of Elam and reigned over it and rebelled against his lord.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">14 And in those days when Nimrod saw that the cities of the plain had rebelled, he came with pride and anger to war with Chedorlaomer, and Nimrod assembled all his princes and subjects, about seven hundred thousand men, and went against Chedorlaomer, and Chedorlaomer went out to meet him with five thousand men, and they prepared for battle in the valley of Babel which is between Elam and Shinar.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">15 And all those kings fought there, and Nimrod and his people were smitten before the people of Chedorlaomer, and there fell from Nimrod's men about six hundred thousand, and Mardon the king's son fell amongst them.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">16 And Nimrod fled and returned in shame and disgrace to his land, and he was under subjection to Chedorlaomer for a long time, and Chedorlaomer returned to his land and sent princes of his host to the kings that dwelt around him, to Arioch king of Elasar, and to Tidal king of Goyim, and made a covenant with them, and they were all obedient to his commands. </span><span lang="EN-AU"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">….</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Book of Jasher chapter 16</span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">1 At that time Chedorlaomer king of Elam sent to all the neighboring kings, to Nimrod, king of Shinar who was then under his power, and to Tidal, king of Goyim, and to Arioch, king of Elasar, with whom he made a covenant, saying, Come up to me and assist me, that we may smite all the towns of Sodom and its inhabitants, for they have rebelled against me these thirteen years.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">2 And these four kings went up with all their camps, about eight hundred thousand men, and they went as they were, and smote every man they found in their road.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">3 And the five kings of Sodom and Gomorrah, Shinab king of Admah, Shemeber king of Zeboyim, Bera king of Sodom, Bersha king of Gomorrah, and Bela king of Zoar, went out to meet them, and they all joined together in the valley of Siddim.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">4 And these nine kings made war in the valley of Siddim; and the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah were smitten before the kings of Elam.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">5 And the valley of Siddim was full of lime pits and the kings of Elam pursued the kings of Sodom, and the kings of Sodom with their camps fled and fell into the lime pits, and all that remained went to the mountain for safety, and the five kings of Elam came after them and pursued them to the gates of Sodom, and they took all that there was in Sodom.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">6 And they plundered all the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, and they also took Lot, Abram's brother's son, and his property, and they seized all the goods of the cities of Sodom, and they went away; and Unic, Abram's servant, who was in the battle, saw this, and told Abram all that the kings had done to the cities of Sodom, and that Lot was taken captive by them.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">7 And Abram heard this, and he rose up with about three hundred and eighteen men that were with him, and he that night pursued these kings and smote them, and they all fell before Abram and his men, and there was none remaining but the four kings who fled, and they went each his own road. ….</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><a href="https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiks52n3OfiAhWp7XMBHcdMC8gQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DvU1m-Mx_yM0&psig=AOvVaw23IX2bupwwm9C8Vd3yhG5b&ust=1560558684131979" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a></span><br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
</span>AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-15339570310248620992019-06-09T19:25:00.001-07:002019-06-09T19:26:11.958-07:00Naram-Sin of Akkad and Nimrod<br />
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 28pt; font-weight: normal;"><a data-cthref="/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiWmvKk7t3iAhWHeisKHTP8AuMQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2FRusalochka%2Flecture-06-akkad-and-ur-iii-b&psig=AOvVaw19E_0fs7Lj7NWuUWPofByL&ust=1560219882450096" data-ved="2ahUKEwiWmvKk7t3iAhWHeisKHTP8AuMQjRx6BAgBEAU" href="https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiWmvKk7t3iAhWHeisKHTP8AuMQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2FRusalochka%2Flecture-06-akkad-and-ur-iii-b&psig=AOvVaw19E_0fs7Lj7NWuUWPofByL&ust=1560219882450096" id="irc_mil" jsaction="mousedown:irc.rl;focus:irc.rl;irc.il;" style="border-image: none; border: 0px currentColor;" target="_blank"><img alt="Image result for naram-sin of akkad" data-iml="1560133525765" height="445" id="irc_mi" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lecture06-akkadanduriiib-101207203442-phpapp02/95/lecture-06-akkad-and-ur-iii-b-11-728.jpg?cb=1291754175" style="margin-top: 0px;" width="593" /></a></span></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 28pt; font-weight: normal;">Sargon of Akkad and Nimrod</span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></em></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 18pt;">Part Two: </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 18pt;">Naram-Sin of Akkad and Nimrod</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 28pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiRtcOX5d3iAhWCXSsKHSVlBTIQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fprofzucker%2F37370593540&psig=AOvVaw2yZ85uj7V41YDHmYqlqKfx&ust=1560217470964527" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a><br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 18pt;">by</span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 18pt;">Damien F. Mackey</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Now, Naram-Sin similarly sought to assert his human authority towards, </span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">and even against, the gods”.</span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Historum.com</i></b></div>
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<strong><em><br /></em></strong></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b></div>
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If Sargon of
Akkad were the biblical Nimrod, as some think to have been the case, and, if
Sargon and Naram-Sin were the same person – all of this tentatively suggested in
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Part One: <span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/39490686/Sargon_of_Akkad_and_Nimrod"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/39490686/Sargon_of_Akkad_and_Nimrod</span></a></span></b></div>
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then it must irresistibly
follow that Naram-Sin and Nimrod were the same person.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></b></div>
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That connection
Naram-Sin = Nimrod has already been picked up on the Internet.</div>
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For instance,
there is this contribution: “<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "roboto"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">All of these lines of logic lead to the strong
suggestion, that Naram-Sin was the basis for the biblical Nimrod”, at:</span></div>
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<span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="https://historum.com/threads/nimrod-naram-sin-king-of-akkad-2100-bc.21280/"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://historum.com/threads/nimrod-naram-sin-king-of-akkad-2100-bc.21280/</span></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #191e1e; font-family: "roboto"; font-size: 12pt;">historical Naram-Sin resembles biblical Nimrod<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #191e1e; font-family: "roboto"; font-size: 10.5pt;">Nimrod is mythically remembered for seeking to assert human immunity to
Divine demands, and reliance on local human authority:</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #191e1e; font-family: "roboto"; font-size: 10.5pt;">Now it was Nimrod who excited them to such an affront and contempt of
God. He was the grandson of Ham, the son of Noah, a bold man, and of great
strength of hand. </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #191e1e; font-family: "roboto"; font-size: 10.5pt;">He persuaded them not to ascribe it to God, as if it were through his
means they were happy, but to believe that it was their own courage which
procured that happiness. </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #191e1e; font-family: "roboto"; font-size: 10.5pt;">He also gradually changed the government into tyranny, seeing no other
way of turning men from the fear of God, but to bring them into a constant
dependence on his power. </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #191e1e; font-family: "roboto"; font-size: 10.5pt;">He also said he would be revenged on God, if he should have a mind to
drown the world again; for that he would build a tower too high for the waters
to reach. And that he would avenge himself on God for destroying their
forefathers </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: grey; font-family: "roboto"; font-size: 7pt;">(<a data-proxy-href="/proxy.php?link=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNimrod&hash=40d312a466166a5d44779ddc8cda62e1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod" target="_blank"><span style="color: #ff7200;">Josephus</span></a>)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #191e1e; font-family: "roboto"; font-size: 10.5pt;">. </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #191e1e; display: none; font-family: "roboto"; font-size: 10.5pt;">Click to expand...</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #191e1e; font-family: "roboto"; font-size: 10.5pt;">Now, Naram-Sin similarly sought to assert his human
authority towards, and even against, the gods. And, the historical Great Flood
had happened c.3000 BC, during a regional climatic anomaly </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: grey; font-family: "roboto"; font-size: 7pt;">([ame="<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piora_Oscillation"><span style="color: #ff7200;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piora_Oscillation</span></a>"]<i>Wiki</i>[/ame])</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #191e1e; font-family: "roboto"; font-size: 10.5pt;">. That Great Flood
was widely attributed to Divine Displeasure, against Sumer. So, if Naram-Sin,
as Nimrod, sensed a second, similar, regional climatic anomaly, then he might
have tried to stave off social unrest, by asserting his personal power, against
'the gods'. All of these lines of logic lead to the strong suggestion, that
Naram-Sin was the basis for the biblical Nimrod.</span></b></div>
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<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
And there is this
one: <span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/548242954609572205/"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/548242954609572205/</span></a></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
“<b><span style="color: #545454;">Naram sin</span></b><span style="color: #545454;"> is
another name given to <b>Nimrod</b> which is mentioned in the book of Genesis
(10:8)”.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
And this one: <span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="https://forums.digitalpoint.com/threads/stele-of-naram-sin-king-depicted-as-a-living-god.2208768/"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://forums.digitalpoint.com/threads/stele-of-naram-sin-king-depicted-as-a-living-god.2208768/</span></a></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #141414; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Naram-Sin was who?</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #141414; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> <b><u>The Bible Genesis's own
Nimrod? </u></b><br />
<br />
<b>Naram-Sin was considered to be the king of the four corners of the universe.</b>
Not even his great grandfather Sargon could behold such a honor only referred
to as king of Kish. This was because under Naram-Sin the Akkadian empire was at
its peak.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #141414; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Some say the bible itself depicts
Naram-Sin as Nimrod son of Cush great grandson of Noah and king of shinar.
Nimrod was depicted as a man of power in earth, and a mighty hunter. He was
rebellious to god. <u>Genesis </u>said in the beginning of his kingdom were the
towns of Babel, Akkad, and Calneh in land of shinar (Mesopotamia). ….</span></b></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 13.15pt; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">The Origin and Real Name of Nimrod</span></b></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: 15pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">E. G. H. Kraeling </span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 13.15pt; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">The Origin and Real Name of Nimrod</span></b></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: 15pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">E. G. H. Kraeling</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
E. Kraeling, in “The
Origin and Real Name of Nimrod” (<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Vol. 38, no. 3,
April, 1922) will go so far as to write that (p. 220): “… Naram-Sin’s son built
<i>E-igi-kalama, </i>“the house of the eye of the lands”, as the place where Nimrod
was to be worshiped …”.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Vol. 38, No. 3 (Apr., 1922), pp. 214-220</span><span lang="EN" style="display: none; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-hide: all;"></span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: 15pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="display: none; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Vol. 38, No. 3
(Apr., 1922), pp. 214-220 (7 pages)</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
Further to all
this, I have tentatively identified Naram-Sin as Narmer:</div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">Narmer a
Contemporary of Patriarch Abraham. Part Two: Narmer as Naram Sin.</span></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/9716223/Narmer_a_Contemporary_of_Patriarch_Abraham._Part_Two_Narmer_as_Naram_Sin"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/9716223/Narmer_a_Contemporary_of_Patriarch_Abraham._Part_Two_Narmer_as_Naram_Sin</span></a></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
And, as noted
below, David Rohl has linked “Narmer and Nimrod” (though it must be said that the
linguistic correspondence in this case is far from ideal):</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="https://chriswerms.wordpress.com/2016/02/08/on-dinosaurs-chronologies-and-nimrod/"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://chriswerms.wordpress.com/2016/02/08/on-dinosaurs-chronologies-and-nimrod/</span></a></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;">This is
interesting, then, when we establish a link between Narmer and Nimrod. <a href="http://mostancientdays.blogspot.com/2008/01/chapter-3-generations-of-sons-of-noah.html"><span style="color: #ff7200;">Most
Ancient Days,</span></a> <a href="http://mostancientdays.blogspot.com/2008/01/chapter-2-age-of-evil-imagining.html"><span style="color: #ff7200;">a
revisionist chronology site</span></a>, <a href="http://mostancientdays.blogspot.com/2008/01/chapter-4-cities-of-twin-rivers.html"><span style="color: #ff7200;">links
the two based on the Narmer plate</span></a>. David Rohl makes the same comparison.
Narmer also has no recorded genealogy, maybe because his parents were
pre-Egyptian? ….</span></div>
AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-25767820723370927892019-06-09T18:37:00.001-07:002019-06-09T18:40:18.558-07:00Sargon of Akkad and Nimrod<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 28pt;"><span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 28pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><strong><em> </em></strong><a class="may-blank" href="https://i.redd.it/1u4rn25n5wqx.jpg"><img class="preview" height="360" src="https://preview.redd.it/1u4rn25n5wqx.jpg?width=1024&auto=webp&s=80b19de0c013c6c25ea45ccbb68c816e074e8f7d" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwix-bae1t3iAhXZZSsKHWV1BikQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fsargonofakkad100%2F&psig=AOvVaw2rjlqtZVuzeWFuOQbU6-a4&ust=1560212212205585" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a><br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 18pt;">by</span></div>
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<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 18pt;">Damien F. Mackey</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i></span></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“The identification of Nimrod with either Sargon or Naram-Sin has been brought up </i></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in the past, generally only in passing. …. The present writer believes that </i></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a conclusive case now can be made for equating Nimrod with Sargon”.</i></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></i></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dr. Douglas Petrovich</i></b></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
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<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
Sargon of Akkad, whom I have tentatively, intra-dynastically multi-identified thus:</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">Sargon and Naram-Sin</span></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/39473024/Sargon_and_Naram-Sin"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/39473024/Sargon_and_Naram-Sin</span></a></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
and</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/39473281/Sargon_and_Shar-Kali-Sharri"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sargon and Shar-Kali-Sharri</span></a></span></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto"; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/39473281/Sargon_and_Shar-Kali-Sharri"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/39473281/Sargon_and_Shar-Kali-Sharri</span></a></span></div>
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<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
especially, though, seems to invite comparison with the biblical Nimrod.</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Caleb Chow, for instance, in</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: rgb(254, 253, 250); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">The Legacies of Sargon and Joshua: An Archaeological and Historiographical Comparison</span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: rgb(254, 253, 250); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1f4e79; font-size: 12pt;"><u1:p><a href="https://www.academia.edu/5789953/The_Legacies_of_Sargon_and_Joshua_An_Archaeological_and_Historiographical_Comparison"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/5789953/The_Legacies_of_Sargon_and_Joshua_An_Archaeological_and_Historiographical_Comparison</span></a></u1:p></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">begins his “Nimrod” section on p. 78 with this statement: “The person of Nimrod is a curious case in that his characteristics bear a striking resemblance to Sargon of Akkad”. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">But Caleb Chow will conclude this section (p. 79), with: “In summary, Nimrod was not any particular historical individual, but rather the "figure" of Sargon--that is, the first great king after the flood”. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">And previously I have followed Dr. Douglas Petrovich’s view that Sargon was Nimrod: “<strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Identifying Nimrod of Genesis 10 with Sargon of Akkad by Exegetical and Archaeological Means” </span></strong></span><span style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.academia.edu/2184113/_2013_Identify"><span lang="EN" style="color: #1f4e79; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">http://www.academia.edu/2184113/_2013_Identify</span></a></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Beginning on p. 93 of this article, Dr. Petrovich will commence his section V:</span></div>
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<span style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">V. THE PREFERABLE OPTION FOR NIMROD’S IDENTITY:</span></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">SARGON OF AKKAD</span></b></div>
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<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Having completed a detailed study of Gen 10:7–12 and an evaluation of the views for the identification of Nimrod that are most prevalent in the scholarly literature, the final task at hand is to identify correctly who Nimrod is, and to demonstrate why this identification is secure. Nimrod is none other than Sargon the Great, the King of Sumer and Akkad, who is history’s first empire-builder. The identification of Nimrod with either Sargon or Naram-Sin has been brought up in the past, generally only in passing. …. The present writer believes that a conclusive case now can be made for equating Nimrod with Sargon. The following arguments will serve to support the veracity of this claim. ….</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">It is interesting to note, in light of my “</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sargon and Naram-Sin”, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">that Dr Petrovich will here entertain (but dismiss) the possibility that Naram-Sin may have been Nimrod:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Before concluding this task, reasons will be given as to why Sargon is to be preferred over his grandson, Naram-Sin, for the dubious distinction of being identified with Nimrod.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Dr. Petrovich’s thesis suffers, though, as I have pointed out previously, from a geographical misplacement, by his identifying the biblical “Shinar” - and hence the region of Nimrod (9:10): “</span>The first centers of his kingdom were Babylon, Uruk, Akkad and Kalneh, in Shinar” <span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">- with Sumer in southern Mesopotamia. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">“Shinar” is better identified with Sinjar, NE Syria. I wrote of this as follows: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Dr. Douglas Petrovich’s “<strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Identifying Nimrod of Genesis 10 with Sargon of Akkad … </span></strong>appears to fit in well, at least chronologically, with my placement of the Akkadian dynasty. But I would now consider - thanks to [Anne] Habermehl’s research - that Petrovich’s geography of Genesis 10:10’s “Erech, Babel and Akkad”, all still presumed to be located in ancient Sumer, stands in need of a geographical shift. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">This refers to Anne Habermehl’s article at: <span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="https://answersingenesis.org/tower-of-babel/where-in-the-world-is-the-tower-of-babel/"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://answersingenesis.org/tower-of-babel/where-in-the-world-is-the-tower-of-babel/</span></a></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">I had previously favoured David Rohl’s view (in <em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The Lost Testament</span></i></em>) that the Uruk I dynasty after the Mesopotamian flood (identified by Sir Leonard Woolley) was the dynasty of Cush and Nimrod, with the latter being the historical Enmerkar (‘Enmer the Hunter’). </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">And this may still apply as well, since the Akkadian dynasty was far reaching.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">It needs to be said, though, that even the whole concept or “Uruk” may need to be reconsidered (and Habermehl has done just that), since, as according to Genesis 10:10, Uruk was “in Shinar”:</span></div>
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“The first centers of [Nimrod’s] kingdom were Babylon, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Uruk,</i> Akkad and Kalneh, in<sup> </sup>Shinar”. <o:p></o:p></div>
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And only after that (vv. 11-12): “From that land he went to Assyria, where he built Nineveh, Rehoboth Ir, Calah <sup> </sup>and Resen, which is between Nineveh and Calah—which is the great city”.<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Whilst Sargon was a real person, I would suggest that the Mesopotamians had borrowed this story of his infancy (dating much later than the similar Moses story) from the Book of Exodus (</span><a href="http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/nemonarchs/g/Sargon.htm"><span lang="EN" style="color: #1f4e79; mso-ansi-language: EN;">http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/nemonarchs/g/Sargon.htm</span></a><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">):</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">“A story about Sargon’s youth sounds like the Moses infancy story. The baby Sargon, nestled in a reed basket sealed with bitumen, was placed in the Euphrates River. The basket floated until it was rescued by a gardener or date grower. In this capacity he worked for the king of Kish, Ur-Zababa until he rose in the ranks to become the king’s cupbearer. …”.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Moses seems to have had in mind the arrogance of the Babel-ians (Genesis 11:3-4): </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">“</span>They said to each other, ‘Come, let’s make bricks and bake them thoroughly’. They used brick instead of stone, and tar for mortar. Then they said, ‘Come, let us build ourselves a city, with a tower that reaches to the heavens, so that we may make a name for ourselves; otherwise we will be scattered over the face of the whole earth’,” </div>
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when he recorded of the “new king [Pharaoh] … in Egypt” (Exodus 1:8-11):</div>
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“‘Look’, he said to his people, ‘the Israelites have become far too numerous for us. Come, we must deal shrewdly with them or they will become even more numerous and, if war breaks out, will join our enemies, fight against us and leave the country’. So they put slave masters over them to oppress them with forced labor, and they built Pithom and Rameses as store cities for Pharaoh.”</div>
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Who may have been the equivalent of the Israelite slaves in the construction of Babel?</div>
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The Akkadian kings and the later potentates of Mesopotamia, such as Hammurabi of Babylon, were wont to speak condescendingly of the, presumably indigenous, “<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">black-headed people” whom they governed.</span></div>
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The Catholic mystic, Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich, has written this of Nimrod and Babel (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Life of Jesus Christ</i>):</div>
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“One of the chief leaders in the Tower building was Nemrod [Nimrod]. He was afterward honored as a deity under the name of Belus. He was the founder of the race that honored Derketo and Semiramis as goddesses. He built Babylon out of the stones of the Tower, and Semiramis greatly embellished it. He also laid the foundation of Ninive [Nineveh], and built substructures of stones for tent dwellings. He was a great hunter and tyrant. At that period savage animals were very numerous, and they committed fearful ravages. The hunting expeditions fitted out against them were as grand as military expeditions. They who slew these wild animals, were honored as gods. Nemrod also drove men together and subdued them. He practiced idolatry, he was full of cruelty and witchcraft, and he had many descendants. </div>
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He lived to be about two hundred and seventy years old. He was of sallow complexion, and from early youth he had led a wild life. He was an instrument of Satan and very much given to star worship. Of the numerous figures and pictures that he traced in the planets and constellations, and according to which he prophesied concerning the different nations and countries, he sought to reproduce representations, which he set up as gods. The Egyptians owe their Sphinx to him, as also their many-armed and many-headed idols. For seventy years, Nemrod busied himself with the histories of these idols, with ceremonial details relative to their worship and the sacrifices to be offered them, also with the forming of the pagan priesthood. By his diabolical wisdom and power, he had subjected the races that he led to the building of the Tower. When the confusion of tongues arose, many of those tribes broke away from him, and the wildest of them followed Mesraim into Egypt. Nemrod built Babylon, subjected the country around, and laid the foundation of the Babylonian Empire. Among his numerous children were Ninus and Derketo. The last-mentioned was honored as a goddess”.</div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Dr. D. Livingston has, for his part, considered that Nimrod was the basis for the semi-legendary hero, Gilgamesh, historically also the fifth king of Uruk (“Who Was Nimrod?”). </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">It needs to be noted that the famous Epic of Gilgamesh, considered by documentists to have been the inspiration for some of the early Book of Genesis, exhibits late traces. For instance, Dr. <strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nili Samet has, in her article, “The Gilgamesh Epic and the Book of Qohelet: A New Look” (</span></strong></span><a href="https://www.academia.edu/19814432/The_Gilgamesh_"><span lang="EN" style="color: #1f4e79; mso-ansi-language: EN;">https://www.academia.edu/19814432/The_Gilgamesh_</span></a><strong><span lang="EN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN;">), </span></strong><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">drawn some very solid parallels between Gilgamesh and king Solomon’s Ecclesiastes (or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Qoheleth</i>). Though she, also, regards the Epic of Gilgamesh as being the influence upon the Hebrew book. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Dr. D. Livingston has written more realistically in favour of Hebrew influence upon the pagans – though he also follows a southern Mesopotamian geography (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op. cit.</i>): </span></div>
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“Besides the stories of the Creation and <a href="http://davelivingston.com/universalflood.htm"><span style="color: #ff7200;">Flood</span></a> in the Bible, there ought to be similar <a href="http://davelivingston.com/creationstories.htm"><span style="color: #ff7200;">stories on clay tablets</span></a> found in the cultures near and around the true believers. These tablets may have a reaction, or twisted version, in their accounts of the Creation and Flood. In the <a href="http://davelivingston.com/histgeopenta.htm#Table%20of%20Nations"><span style="color: #ff7200;">post-Flood genealogical records</span></a> of Genesis 10, we note that the sons of Ham were: Cush, Mizraim, Put and Canaan. Mizraim became the Egyptians. No one is sure where Put went to live. And it is obvious who the Canaanites were. Cush lived in the "land of Shinar," which most scholars consider to be Sumer. …. The sons of Shem -- the Semites -- were also mixed, to some extent, with the Sumerians.<o:p></o:p></div>
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We suggest that Sumerian Kish, the first city established in Mesopotamia after the Flood, <a href="http://davelivingston.com/corancienttexts.htm"><span style="color: #ff7200;">took its name from the man known in the Bible as Cush</span></a>. The first kingdom established after the Flood was Kish, and the name "Kish" appears often on clay tablets. The early post-Flood Sumerian king lists (not found in the Bible) say that "kingship descended from heaven to Kish" after the Flood. (The Hebrew name "Cush" was much later moved to present-day Ethiopia as migrations took place from Mesopotamia to other places.)<o:p></o:p></div>
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In Genesis 10:8-11 we learn that "Nimrod" established a kingdom. Therefore, one would expect to find also, in the literature of the ancient Near East, a person who was a type, or example, for other people to follow. And there was. It is a well-known tale, common in Sumerian literature, of a man who fits the description. In addition to the Sumerians, the Babylonians wrote about this person; the Assyrians likewise; and the Hittites. Even in Palestine, tablets have been found with this man's name on them. He was obviously the most popular hero in the Ancient Near East.<o:p></o:p> ….<b> </b></div>
AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-14782235953614413802019-06-09T17:27:00.000-07:002019-06-09T17:27:47.476-07:00Sargon and Shar-Kali-Sharri <br />
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span></o:p></span> <img alt="Figure 1: Cylinder Seal of Shar-Kali –Sharri, King of Akkad, Mesopotamia, C.2340-2100 B.C (Black Marled) (collection, Louvre, Paris, France 326)." data-selenium-selector="figure-image" height="256" src="https://ai2-s2-public.s3.amazonaws.com/figures/2017-08-08/4bf3950ac85987e68b7242fbed967dce09acbde4/3-Figure1-1.png" width="640" /></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span><br /><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: black;">Damien F. Mackey</span></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span></i><br /><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span></i><br /><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span></i><br /><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span></i><br /><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: black;">“In the 1870s, Assyriologists thought Shar-Kali-Sharri was</span></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: black;">identical with the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_the_Great" title="Sargon the Great"><span style="color: black;">Sargon of Agade</span></a><span style="color: black;"> of Assyrian legend …”. </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: black;">Wikipedia</span></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #254061; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri"><span style="color: black;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: black;">“The next recorded king of Akkad to rule for any reasonable amount of time was </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudu_of_Akkad" title="Dudu of Akkad"><span style="color: black;">Dudu</span></a><span style="color: black;">, who is said by the king list to have reigned for 21 years. However, by this time the Akkadian empire was no more, and Dudu most likely controlled no more than Akkad itself, meaning Shar-Kali-Sharri was the last Akkadian king to actually have an empire under his control. </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: black;">In the 1870s, Assyriologists thought Shar-Kali-Sharri was identical with the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_the_Great" title="Sargon the Great"><span style="color: black;">Sargon of Agade</span></a><span style="color: black;"> of Assyrian legend, but this identification was recognized as mistaken in the 1910s.</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-15"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri#cite_note-15"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;">[15]</span></span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: black;">”<sup></sup></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span class="reference-text"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">But it is now evident that Sharganisharri was 'not confused with Shargani or Sargon' in the 'tradition' …but only by the moderns who insisted on connecting the Sharganisharri of contemporary documents with the Sargon of the Legend" D. D. Luckenbill, Review of: The Civilization of Babylonia and Assyria by Morris Jastrow, Jr., <i>The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures</i> Vol. 33, No. 3 (Apr., 1917), pp. 252-254.</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #254061; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="https://www.ancientmesopotamia.org/people/shar-kali-sharri.php"><span style="color: black;">https://www.ancientmesopotamia.org/people/shar-kali-sharri.php</span></a></span></div>
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<u><br /><span style="color: black;"></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">“</span><span class="st1"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">His </span></span><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-weight: normal;">name</span></em><span class="st1"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"> [Shar-Kali-Sharri] translated </span></span><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-weight: normal;">means</span></em><span class="st1"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"> "king of kings” …”</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="st1"><span style="color: #d0e0e3; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="color: black;">That is reminiscent of “Sargon” (Šarru-kēn), “True King” or “Legitimate King”.</span></span></span></div>
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AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-18279394866007985852019-06-09T17:19:00.002-07:002019-06-09T17:19:27.498-07:00Sargon and Naram-Sin <br />
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 22pt;">Damien F. Mackey<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 22pt;"><o:p> </o:p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Bronze head of a king of the Old Akkadian dynasty, most likely</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">representing<b> </b>either Naram<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">-</b>Sin or Sargon of Akkad”.</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ancient Origins</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sometimes - but not always - these “either … or” efforts at determining historical identifications can arise from the fact that there is actually <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">only one person</i> involved, but going by different names.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">That I have argued, for instance, regarding the second king by the name Sargon (II):<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #20124d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Assyrian King Sargon II, Otherwise Known As Sennacherib</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><br /><br /><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/6708474/Assyrian_King_Sargon_II_Otherwise_Known_As_Sennacherib"><span style="color: #d0e0e3; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #254061; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/6708474/Assyrian_King_Sargon_II_Otherwise_Known_As_Sennacherib</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Anyway, the thought recently occurred to me that the stand-out kings of the Akkadian dynasty, Sargon [I], Naram-Sin, may likewise be the same person.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">I checked the Internet to see if anyone had picked up some comparisons, and I came across this one by Caleb Chow, likening (but not identifying) Sargon and Naram-Sin, but also suggesting some differences:</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #eeeeee;">The Legacies of Sargon and Joshua: An Archaeological and Historiographical Comparison<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #d0e0e3; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/5789953/The_Legacies_of_Sargon_and_Joshua_An_Archaeological_and_Historiographical_Comparison"><span style="color: #d0e0e3; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #254061; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/5789953/The_Legacies_of_Sargon_and_Joshua_An_Archaeological_and_Historiographical_Comparison</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">(commencing on p. 74-)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">....<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sargon and Naram-Sin</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The most significant feature of discussion of Sargon's legacy in comparison with Joshua son of Nun, however, lies in the fact that Sargon is credited not only with feats and exploits far beyond Mesopotamian confines, but also with the accomplishments of other individuals. As mentioned above the Chronicle of Early Kings actually ignores the reigns of Rimuš and Maništušu, mentioning only Sargon and Naram-Sin while calling Naram-Sin the "son of Sargon.”</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">As a result, it is likely that both figures were regarded as legendary, larger-than-life figures. However, it is sometimes difficult to determine whether a particular accomplishment was actually Sargon's work; in some cases the textual and material evidence suggests that some of the accomplishments of Sargon actually belong to Naram-Sin. First, based on Sargon's inscriptions it is clear that he did not reach beyond Tuttul on the Middle Euphrates and only had minor contacts with lands further north-west while archaeological and textual evidence suggests that Naram-Sin was in actuality the one who expanded in that direction. Nonetheless, in "King of Battle, "Sargon is the one who attacked the Anatolian city of Purushhanda rather than Naram-Sin. While it is possible that Sargon simply did not leave any archeological material or that Naram-Sin ignored Sargon's accomplishments, it is more likely that Sargon is regarded by "King of Battle" as a "model to be imitated.”</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">A similar case is seen in the city of Ebla; as already discussed above there are texts saying that Sargon took the city. This conquest was at first thought to be confirmed by the discovery of a burnt palace in Tell Mardikh in western Syria, but there was once again no archaeological material to suggest Sargon's involvement while Naram-Sin also says he conquered Ebla.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">While Sargon's legends such as the Sargon Birth Legend portray Sargon as a glorious king with no rival, the legends of Naram-Sin seem to portray Naram-Sin as a morally questionable king. The Cuthean Legend of Naram-Sin, a pseudo-autobiography, speaks of how Naram-Sin's kingdom is invaded by bird people and inquires of gods but is given negative oracles, and therefore ignores them. He then questions himself as his kingdom falls, but Ea intercedes and Naram-Sin eventually emerges victorious. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">In this tale the main moral is that one must heed the diviners or suffer the consequences as Naram-Sin did.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The third millennium text "Curse of Akkad, "similarly, concerns the mistakes of Naram-Sin, even beginning with a summary of Sargon's greatness--almost as if in order to provide contrast to Naram-Sin.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Essentially, the story involves Naram-Sin destroying the Ekur temple, resulting in the anger of the gods and the subsequent destruction of Akkad.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">While the "Curse of Akkad" glorifies the destruction of Akkad, the text itself is not anti-Akkadian per se. Rather, it was more likely didactic like the Cuthean Legend of Naram-Sin. Historically speaking, the contents of the "Curse of Akkad" were more than likely fictional. In the Ur III period statues of Sargonic kings were honored at the Ekur itself; Naram-Sin in actuality rebuilt the Ekur rather than destroyed it as the narrative suggests.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The reason for this could have been because Naram-Sin tried to relocate old local cults to Akkad, and in doing so anger the Sumerians. The fall of Akkad in reality happened in the time of Naram-Sin's son Šarkališharri, but in an inversely-similar manner to Sargon Naram-Sin is the one blamed for the destruction of Akkad.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">All things considered, Naram-Sin's actual accomplishments more than likely rivaled those of Sargon of Akkad, but in these legends he is instead regarded as the reason for the end of the idyllic age despite the older omens of Naram-Sin depicting a far more favorable picture.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-17599493490945315192019-06-05T17:02:00.003-07:002019-06-05T17:02:47.756-07:00Evolution falsified once again <br />
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 36pt; font-weight: normal;"><img alt="Framed Close-up of Tyrannosaurus Rex dinosaur with Mouth Open Print" border="0" class="zoom img-responsive" id="imgSKUImage" itemprop="image" src="https://www.fulcrumgallery.com/product-images/P803651-10/closeup-of-tyrannosaurus-rex-dinosaur-with-mouth-open.jpg" style="border-image: none; border: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); cursor: pointer;" title="Zoom" /><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><br /><br /><br /><em><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 36pt; font-weight: normal;">Theory of Evolution Cartoonishly Dumb</span></em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 36pt;"> </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 20pt;"><br /></span></b><br /><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 20pt;">Part Three: </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 20pt;">Very Young Tyrannosaurus Rex Dinosaur</span></b><br /><div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 20pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 22pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></span></span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU"> </span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU">“Researchers working on ancient DNA had claimed previously that they had recovered DNA millions of years old, but subsequent work failed to validate </span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU">the results. The only widely accepted claims of ancient molecules were </span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU">no more than several tens of thousands of years old”.</span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></i></b></div>
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<strong><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU">Mary H. Schweitzer</span></i></strong></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU"> </span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"> <span lang="EN-AU"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU"> </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU">Part One</span></b><span lang="EN-AU"> of this series:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/19566081/Theory_of_Evolution_Cartoonishly_Dumb"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/19566081/Theory_of_Evolution_Cartoonishly_Dumb</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">re-visited a series of letters by Polish professor Maciej Giertych exposing evolution:</span></div>
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<span style="border-image: none; border: 1pt currentColor; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">The theory of evolution is maintained for ideological reasons and not because scientific evidence supports it. If it were not for the lack of another atheistic explanation of the origin of life and of all its forms, this theory would have been dismissed by scientists long ago. In fact most scientists prefer not to get involved in the controversy over evolution because of the possible consequences to their careers. A recent example of such consequences for Dr. Rick Von Sternberg of the Smithsonian Institution can be seen discussed in a National Review article<sup>[1].</sup> Most biologists can work in their own fields and advance academically without ever mentioning evolution and most choose not to mention it. ….</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"> </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Part Two: </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/19588600/Theory_of_Evolution_Cartoonishly_Dumb._Part_Two_G._K._Chesterton_Summed_It_Up"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/19588600/Theory_of_Evolution_Cartoonishly_Dumb._Part_Two_G._K._Chesterton_Summed_It_Up</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #222a35; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #222A35; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">recalled, amongst other things, that classic quote about evolution by G. K. Chesterton:</span></div>
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<i><span style="border-image: none; border: 1pt currentColor; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">“The evolutionists seem to know everything about the missing link</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="border-image: none; border: 1pt currentColor; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">except the fact that it is missing”.</span></i></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Here now, in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Part Three,</b> is another telling piece of evidence:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.catholicintl.com/index.php/component/content/article/58-evolution/348-evolution-falsified-once-again"><span style="color: #073763;">http://www.catholicintl.com/index.php/component/content/article/58-evolution/348-evolution-falsified-once-again</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: #073763; font-size: 18pt;">Evolution Falsified, Once Again</span></strong></h1>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Evolution</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Tuesday, 02 August 2011 11:26 </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><a data-mce-href="http://www.catholicintl.com/index.php/component/content/article/58-evolution/348-evolution-falsified-once-again#comments" href="http://www.catholicintl.com/index.php/component/content/article/58-evolution/348-evolution-falsified-once-again#comments"><span style="color: #ff7200;">....</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">R. Sungenis: In this article, field researcher Mary H. Schweitzer writes in the most prestigious science magazine today, <em><strong>Scientific American</strong></em>, about her discovery of soft tissue and blood cells in the bone of a Tyrannosaurus rex dinosaur that, according to modern evolutionary dating techniques, is about 70 million years old. If it hasn’t struck you already, science tells us that organic tissue could barely last 7,000 years, much less 10,000 times 7,000 years. So what does science do with this anomaly? It pleads ignorance, and it does so while it tries to find a way to dismiss the evidence. When Ms. Schweitzer brought her evidence to </span><span lang="EN-AU">Jack Horner, curator of paleontology at the museum and one of the world’s foremost dinosaur authorities, after a long look under the microscope at the nucleated blood cells of the T-Rex, he said to Ms. Schweitzer: “So prove to me they aren’t.” That about sums up the history of the bias and deliberate attempts to twist the evidence in favor of evolution that occurs on a daily basis in our high school and college classrooms. Whereas Ms. Schweitzer’s find should have been hailed as one of the most astounding discoveries in history since Darwin wrote his book on the evolutionary hypothesis in 1879, she is basically assigned the impossible task of finding a way to dismiss the blood cell’s <em><strong>prima facie</strong></em> denial of evolution, and implied in that “request” is the fact that she will lose her job if she doesn’t seek an alternative answer. What does Ms. Schweitzer decide to do? The next sentence in her story tells us loud and clear. She capitulates to the reigning paradigm of modern science, without question: “It was an irresistible challenge, and one that has helped frame how I ask my research questions, even now.” So Ms. Schweitzer, in order to continue to be a member of the status quo and receive her pay check from the powers-that-be, remains an ardent evolutionist, seeking to deny the common sense knowledge her heart and mind scream at her about what it means to see blood cells in dinosaur remains.</span></div>
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<strong>“Blood From Stone”</strong></h2>
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<strong><span lang="EN-AU">By Mary H. Schweitzer</span></strong></div>
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<strong>From </strong><em><span style="font-weight: normal;">Scientific American</span></em><strong>, December 2010</strong></h2>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Peering through the microscope at the thin slice of fossilized bone, I stared in disbelief at the small red spheres a colleague had just pointed out to me. The tiny structures lay in a blood vessel channel that wound through the pale yellow hard tissue. Each had a dark center resembling a cell nucleus. In fact, the spheres looked just like the blood cells in reptiles, birds and all other vertebrates alive today except mammals, whose circulating blood cells lack a nucleus. They couldn’t be cells, I told myself. The bone slice was from a dinosaur that a team from the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Mont., had recently uncovered a <em><strong>Tyrannosaurus rex</strong></em> that died some 67 million years ago--and everyone knew organic material was far too delicate to persist for such a vast stretch of time.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">For more than 300 years paleontologists have operated under the assumption that the information contained in fossilized bones lies strictly in the size and shape of the bones themselves. The conventional wisdom holds that when an animal dies under conditions suitable for fossilization, inert minerals from the surrounding environment eventually replace all of the organic molecules—such as those that make up cells, tissues, pigments and proteins—leaving behind bones composed entirely of mineral. As I sat in the museum that afternoon in 1992, staring at the crimson structures in the dinosaur bone, I was actually looking at a sign that this bedrock tenet of paleontology might not always be true—though at the time, I was mostly puzzled. Given that dinosaurs were nonmammalian vertebrates, they would have had nucleated blood cells, and the red items certainly looked the part, but so, too, they could have arisen from some geologic process unfamiliar to me.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Back then I was a relatively new graduate student at Montana State University, studying the microstructure of dinosaur bone, hardly a seasoned pro. After I sought opinions on the identity of the red spheres from faculty members and other graduate students, word of the puzzle reached <strong>Jack Horner, curator of paleontology at the museum and one of the world’s foremost dinosaur authorities. He took a look for himself. Brows furrowed, he gazed through the microscope for what seemed like hours without saying a word. Then, looking up at me with a frown, he asked, “What do </strong><em><span style="font-weight: normal;">you</span></em><strong> think they are?” I replied that I did not know, but they were the right size, shape and color to be blood cells, and they were in the right place, too. He grunted, “So prove to me they aren’t.” It was an irresistible challenge, and one that has helped frame how I ask my research questions, even now.</strong></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Since then, my colleagues and I have recovered various types of organic remains—including blood vessels, bone cells and bits of the fingernail-like material that makes up claws—from multiple specimens, indicating that although soft-tissue preservation in fossils may not be common, neither is it a one-time occurrence. These findings not only diverge from textbook description of the fossilization process, they are also yielding fresh insights into the biology of bygone creatures. For instance, bone from another <em><strong>T.rex</strong></em> specimen has revealed that the animal was a female that was “in lay” (preparing to lay eggs) when she died—information we could not have gleaned from the shape and size of the bones alone. And a protein detected in remnants of fibers near a small carnivorous dinosaur unearthed in Mongolia has helped establish that the dinosaur had feathers that, at the molecular level, resembled those of birds.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Our results have met with a lot of skepticism—they are, after all, extremely surprising. But the skepticism is a proper part of science, and I continue to find the work fascinating and full of promise. The study of ancient organic molecules from dinosaurs has the potential to advance understanding of the evolution and extinction of these magnificent creatures in ways we could not have imagined just two decades ago.</span></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-AU">FIRST SIGNS</span></strong></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Extraordinary claims, as the old adage goes, require extraordinary evidence. Careful scientists make every effort to disprove cherished hypotheses before they accept that their ideas are correct. Thus, for the past 20 years I have been trying every experiment I can think of to disprove the hypothesis that the materials my collaborators and I have discovered are components of soft tissues from dinosaurs and other long-gone animals.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">In the case of the red microstructures saw in the<em><strong> T.rex</strong></em> bone, I started by thinking that if they were related to blood cells or to blood cell constituents (such as molecules of hemoglobin or heme that had clumped together after being released from dying blood cells), they would have persisted in some, albeit possibly very altered, form only if the bones themselves were exceptionally well preserved. Such tissue would have disappeared in poorly preserved skeletons. At the macroscopic level, this was clearly true. The skeleton, a nearly complete specimen from eastern Montana—officially named MOR 555 and affectionately dubbed “Big Mike”—includes many rarely preserved bones. Microscope examination of thin sections of the limb bones revealed similarly pristine preservation. Most of the blood vessel channels in the dense bone were empty, not filled with mineral deposits as is usually the case with dinosaurs. And those ruby microscopic structures appeared only in the vessel channel, never in the surrounding bone or in sediments adjacent to the bones, just as should be true of blood cells.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Next, I turned my attention to the chemical composition of the blood cell look-alikes. Analyses showed that they were rich in iron, as red blood cells are, and that the iron was specific to them. Not only did the elemental makeup of the mysterious red things (we nicknamed them LLRTs, “little round red things”) differ from that of the bone immediately surrounding the vessel channels, it was also utterly distinct from that of the sediments in which the dinosaur was buried. But to further test the connection between the red structures and blood cells, I wanted to examine my samples for heme, the small iron-containing molecule that gives vertebrate blood its scarlet hue and enables hemoglobin proteins to carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Heme vibrates, or resonates, in telltale patterns when it is stimulated by tuned lasers, and because it contains a metal center, it absorbs light in a very distinct way. When we subjected bone samples to spectroscopy tests-which measure the light that a given material emits, absorbs or scatters-our results showed that somewhere in the dinosaur’s bone were compounds that were consistent with heme.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">One of the most compelling experiments we conducted took advantage of the immune response. When the body detects an invasion by foreign, potentially harmful substances, it produces defensive proteins called antibodies that can specifically recognize, or bind to, those substances. We injected extracts of the dinosaur bone into mice, causing the mice to make antibodies against the organic compounds in the extract. When we then exposed these antibodies to hemoglobin from turkeys and rats, they bound to the hemoglobin--a sign that the extracts that elicited antibody production in the mice had included hemoglobin or something very like it. The antibody data supported the idea that Big Mike’s bones contained something similar to the hemoglobin in living animals.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">None of the many chemical an immunological tests we performed disproved our hypothesis that the mysterious red structures visible under the microscope were red blood cells from a <em><strong>T. rex</strong></em>. Yet we could not show that the hemoglobinlike substance was specific to the red structures—the available techniques were not sufficiently sensitive to permit such differentiation. Thus, we could not claim definitively that they were blood cells. When we published our findings in 1997, we drew our conclusions conservatively, stating that hemoglobin proteins might be preserved and that the most likely source of such proteins was the cells of the dinosaur. The paper got very little notice</span></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-AU">THE EVIDENCE BUILDS</span></strong></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Through the <em><strong>T. rex </strong></em>work, I began to realize just how much fossil organics stood to reveal about extinct animals. If we could obtain proteins, we could conceivably decipher the sequence of their constituent amino acids, much as geneticists sequence the “letters” that make up DNA. And like DNA sequences, protein sequences contain information about evolutionary relationships between animals, how species change over time and how the acquisition of new genetic traits might have conferred advantages to the animals possessing those features. But first I had to show that ancient proteins were present in fossils other than the wonderful <em><strong>T.rex</strong></em> we had been studying. Working with Mark Marshall, then at Indiana University, and wit h Seth Pincus and John Watt, both at Montana State during this time, I turned my attention to two well-preserved fossils that looked promising for recovering organics.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">The first was a beautiful primitive bird named <em><strong>Rahonavis</strong></em> that paleontologists form Stony Brook University and Marcalester College had unearthed form deposits in Madagascar dating to the Late Cretaceous period, around 80 million to 70 million years ago. During excavation they had noticed a white, fibrous material on the skeleton’s toe bones, No other bone in the quarry seemed to have the substance, nor was it present on any of the sediments there, suggesting that it was part of the animal rather than having been deposited on the bones secondarily. They wondered whether the material might be akin to the strong sheath made of keratin protein that covers the toe bones of living birds, forming their claws, and asked for my assistance.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Keratin proteins are good candidates for preservation because they are abundant in vertebrates, and the composition of this protein family makes them very resistant to degradation—something that is nice to have in organs such as skin that are exposed to harsh conditions. They come in two main types: alpha and beta. All vertebrates have alpha keratin, which in humans makes up hair and nails and helps the skin to resist abrasion and dehydration. Beta keratin is absent from mammals and occurs only in birds and reptiles among living organisms.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">To test for keratins in the white material on the <em><strong>Rahonavis</strong></em> toe bones, we employed many of the same techniques I had used to study <em><strong>T. rex</strong></em>. Notably, antibody tests indicated the presence of both alpha and beta keratin. We also applied additional diagnostic tools. Other analyses, for instance, detected amino acids that were localized to the toe-bone covering and also detected nitrogen (a component of amino acids) that was bound to other compounds much as proteins bind together in living tissues, including keratin. The results of all our tests supported the notion that the cryptic white material covering the ancient bird’s toe bones included fragments of alpha and beta keratin and was the remainder of its once lethal claws.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">The second specimen we probed was a spectacular Late Cretaceous fossil that researchers from the American Museum of Natural History in New York City had discovered in Mongolia. Although the scientists dubbed the animal <em><strong>Shuvuuia deserti</strong></em>, or “desert bird,” it was actually a small carnivorous dinosaur. While cleaning the fossil, Amy Davidson, a technician at the museum, noticed small white fibers in the animal’s neck region. She asked me if I could tell if they were remnants of feathers. Birds are descended from dinosaurs, and fossil hunters have discovered a number of dinosaur fossils that preserve impressions of feathers, so in theory the suggestion that <em><strong>Shuvuuia</strong></em> had a downy coat was plausible. I did not expect that a structure as delicate as a feather could have endured the ravages of time, however. I suspected the white fibers instead came from modern plants or from fungi. But I agreed to take a closer look.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">To my surprise, initial tests ruled out plants or fungi as the source of the fibers. Moreover, subsequent analyses of the microstructure of the strange white strands pointed to the presence of keratin. Mature feathers in living birds consist almost exclusively of beta keratin. If the small fibers on <em><strong>Shuvuuia</strong></em> were related to feathers, then they should harbor beta keratin alone, in contrast to the claw sheath of <em><strong>Rahonavis</strong></em>, which contained both alpha and beta keratin. That, in fact is exactly what we found when we conducted our antibody tests—results we published in 1999.</span></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-AU">EXTRAORDINARY FINDS</span></strong></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">By now I was convinced that small remnants of original proteins could survive in extremely well preserved fossils and that we had the tools to identify them. But many in the scientific community remained unconvinced. Our findings challenged everything scientists thought they knew about the breakdown of cells and molecules. Test-tube studies of organic molecules indicated that proteins should not persist more than a million years or so; DNA had an even shorter life span. Researchers working on ancient DNA had claimed previously that they had recovered DNA millions of years old, but subsequent work failed to validate the results. The only widely accepted claims of ancient molecules were no more than several tens of thousands of years old. In fact, one anonymous reviewer of a paper I had submitted for publication in a scientific journal told me that this type of preservation was not possible and that I could not convince him or her otherwise, regardless of our data.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">In response to this resistance, a colleague advised me to step back a bit and demonstrate the efficacy of our methods for indentifying ancient proteins in bones that were old, but not as old as dinosaur bone, to provide a proof of principle. Working with analytical chemist John Asara of Harvard University, I obtained proteins form mammoth fossils that were estimated to be 300,000 to 600,000 years old. Sequencing of the proteins using a technique called mass spectrometry indentified them unambiguously as collagen, a key component of bone, tendons, skin and other tissues. The publication of our mammoth results in 2002 did not trigger much controversy. Indeed, the scientific community largely ignored it. But our proof of principle was about to come in very handy.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">The next year a crew from the Museum of the Rockies finally finished excavating another <em><strong>T. rex</strong></em> skeleton, which at 68 million years old is the oldest one to date. Like the younger <em><strong>T. rex</strong></em>, this one—called MOR 1125 and nicknamed “Brex,” after discoverer Bob Harmon—was recovered from the Hell Creek Formation in eastern Montana. The site is isolated and remote, with no access for vehicles, so a helicopter ferried plaster jackets containing excavated bones from the site to the camp. The jacket containing the leg bones was too heavy for the helicopter to lift. To retrieve them, then, the team broke the jacket, separated the bones and rejacketed them. But the bones are very fragile, and when the original jacket was opened, many fragments of bone fell out. These were boxed up for me. Because my original <em><strong>T. rex</strong></em> studies were controversial, I was eager to repeat the work on a second <em><strong>T. rex</strong></em>. The new find presented the perfect opportunity.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">As soon as I laid eyes on the first piece of bone I removed from that box, a fragment of thighbone, I knew the skeleton was special. Lining the internal surface of this fragment was a thin, distinct layer of a type of bone that had never been found in dinosaurs. This layer was very fibrous, filled with blood vessel channels, and completely different in color and texture from the cortical bone that constitutes most of the skeleton. “Oh, my gosh, it’s a girl—and it’s pregnant!” I exclaimed to my assistant, Jennifer Wittmeyer, She looked at me like I had lost my mind. But having studied bird physiology, I was nearly sure that this distinctive feature was medullary bone, a special tissue that appears for only a limited time (often for just about two weeks), when birds are in lay, and that exists to provide an easy source of calcium to fortify the eggshells.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">One of the characteristics that sets medullary bone apart from other bone types is the random orientation of its collagen fibers, a characteristic that indicates very rapid formation. (This same organization occurs in the first bone laid down when you have a fracture—that is why you feel a lump in healing bone.) The bones of a modern-day bird and all other animals can be demineralized using mild acids to reveal the telltale arrangement of the collagen fibers. Wittmeyer and I decided to try to remove the minerals. If this was medullary bone and if collagen was present, eliminating the minerals should leave behind randomly oriented fibers. As the minerals were removed, they left a flexible and fibrous clump of tissue. I could not believe what we were seeing. I asked Wittmeyer to repeat the experiment multiple times. And each time we placed the distinctive layer of bone in the mild acid solution, fibrous stretchy material remained—just as it does when medullary bone in birds is treated in the same way.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Furthermore, when we then dissolved pieces of the denser, more common cortical bone, we obtained more soft tissue. Hollow, transparent, flexible, branching tubes emerged from the dissolving matrix—and they looked exactly like blood vessels. Suspended inside the vessels were either small, round red structures or amorphous accumulations of red material. Additional demineralization experiments revealed distinctive-looking bone cells called osteocytes that secrete the collagen and other components that make up the organic part of bone. The whole dinosaur seemed to preserve material never seen before in dinosaur bone.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">When we published our observations in <em><strong>Science</strong></em> in 2005, reporting the presence of what looked to be collagen, blood vessels and bone cells, the paper garnered a lot of attention, but the scientific community adopted a wait-and see attitude. We claimed only that the material we found resembled these modern components—not that they were one and the same. After millions of years, buried in sediments and exposed to geochemical conditions that varied over time, what was preserved in these bones might bear little chemical resemblance to what was there when the dinosaur was alive. The real value of these materials could be determined only if their composition could be discerned. Our work had just begun.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Using all the techniques honed while studying Big Mike, <em><strong>Rathonavis, Shuvuuia</strong></em> and the mammoth, I began an in-depth analysis of this <em><strong>T.rex’s</strong></em> bone in collaboration with Asara, who had refined the purification and sequencing methods we used in the mammoth study and was ready to try sequencing the dinosaur’s much older proteins. This was a much harder exercise, because the concentration of organics in the dinosaur was orders of magnitude less than in the much younger mammoth and because the proteins were very degraded. Nevertheless, we were eventually able to sequence them. And, gratifyingly, when our colleague Chris Organ of Harvard compared the <em><strong>T.rex</strong></em> sequences with those of a multitude of other organisms, he found that they grouped most closely with birds, followed by crocodiles—the two groups that are the closest living relatives of dinosaurs.</span></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-AU">CONTROVERSY AND ITS AFTERMATH</span></strong></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Our papers detailing the sequencing work, published in 2007 and 2008, generated a firestorm of controversy, most of which focused on our interpretations of the sequencing (mass spectrometry) data. Some dissenters charged that we had not produced enough sequences to make our case; others argued that the structures we interpreted as primeval soft tissues were actually biofilm—“slime” produced by microbes that had invaded the fossilized bone. There were other criticisms, too. I had mixed feelings about their feedback. On one hand, scientists are paid to be skeptical and to examine remarkable claims with rigor. On the other hand, science operates on the principle of parsimony—the simplest explanation for all the data is assumed to be the correct one. And we had supported our hypothesis with multiple lines of evidence</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Still, I knew that a single gee-whiz discovery does not have any long-term meaning to science. We had to sequence proteins form other dinosaur finds. When a volunteer accompanying us on a summer expedition found bones from and 80-million-year-old plant-eating duckbill dinosaur called<em><strong> Brachylophosaurus</strong></em> <em><strong>canadensis</strong></em>, or “Brachy,” we suspected the duckbill might be a good source of ancient proteins even before we got its bones out of the ground. Hoping that is might contain organics, we did everything we could to free it from the surrounding sandstone quickly while minimizing its exposure to the elements. Air pollutants, humidity fluctuations and the like would be very harmful to fragile molecules, and the longer the bone was exposed, the more likely contamination and degradation would occur.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Perhaps because of this extra care—and prompt analyses—both the chemistry and the morphology of this second dinosaur were less altered than Brex’s. As we had hoped, we found cells embedded in a matrix of white collagen fibers in the animal’s bone. The cells exhibited long, thin, branchlike extensions that are characteristic of osteocytes, which we could trace from the cell body to where they connected to other cells. A few of them even contained what appeared to be internal structures, including possible nuclei.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Furthermore, extracts of the duckbill’s bone reacted with antibodies that target collagen and other proteins that bacteria do not manufacture, refuting the suggestion that our soft-tissue structures were merely biofilms. In addition, the protein sequences we obtained from the bone most closely resembled those of modern birds, just as Brex’s did. And we sent samples of the duckbill’s bone to several different labs for independent testing, all of which confirmed our results. After we reported these findings in <em><strong>Science</strong></em> in 2009, I heard no complaints.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Our work does not stop here. There is still so much about ancient soft tissues that we do not understand. Why are these materials preserved when all our models say they should be degraded? How does fossilization really occur? How much can we learn about animals from preserved fragments of molecules? The sequencing work hints that analyses of this material might eventually help to sort out how extinct species are related—once we and others build up bigger libraries of ancient sequences, and sequences from living species, for comparison, As these databases expand, we may be able to compare sequences to see how member of lineage changed at the molecular level. And by rooting these sequences in time, we might be able to better understand the rate of this evolution. Such insights will help scientists to piece together how dinosaurs and other extinct creatures responded to major environmental changes, how they recovered from catastrophic events, and ultimately what did them in.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">+5<a data-mce-href="http://www.catholicintl.com/index.php/component/content/article/58-evolution/348-evolution-falsified-once-again#comment-34" href="http://www.catholicintl.com/index.php/component/content/article/58-evolution/348-evolution-falsified-once-again#comment-34" id="comment-34"><span style="color: #ff7200;">#1</span></a>2011-08-11 10:19</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Ms. Mary Schweitzer asks, "Why are these materials preserved when all our models say they should be degraded?" A simple $600 experiment test for C-14 in one of 10 Accelerated Mass Spectrometer (AMS) laboratories in the USA would answer that. The half life for the radioactive decay of C-14 is 5,730 years and AMS equipment can detect each atom of C-14 with reasonable accuracy to about eight half-lives or about 50,000 years.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Since 1990 there has been a steady stream of reports of finding C-14 in dinosaur bones and other “ancient” fossils with a definitive report being published in a book written in 2009 entitled "Evolutionism: The Decline of an Hypothesis." C-14 dates of 23,170 ±170 to 30,890 ± 200 years were reported for dinosaur bone collagen in the paper entitled: “Recent C-14 Dating of Fossils Including Dinosaur Bone Collagen. The results appear to be a confirmation of rapid formation of the geologic column as modern sedimentology studies have predicted.”</span></div>
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AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-34029474965195085342019-06-04T17:42:00.002-07:002019-06-05T15:56:37.376-07:00On Ice Ages, Noachic Flood, Dinosaurs and Velikovsky <br />
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<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">“It
is absolutely impossible that while the rest of the world was drowning, most of
</span></i></div>
</div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">the
British Isles, Scandinavia and Canada escaped. There can only be one solution, </span></i></div>
</div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">i.e. </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">the ice age struck these
lands at the same time as the Noachian Deluge”.</span></i></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></i></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Terry
Lawrence</i></b></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "lato"; font-size: 12pt;">“Has Velikovsky Correctly Placed the Ice Age?”, </span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "lato"; font-size: 12pt;">asked Terry Lawrence of
New Zealand (in </span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Chronology and
Catastrophism Workshop, </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">SIS,
May 1988, Number 1, p. 41):</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">…. Many times in <i>Worlds in Collision </i>and <i>Earth in Upheaval </i>Dr
Velikovsky equates the beginning of the Pleistocene or ice age with the time of
the Exodus, <i>circa </i>1450 BC. On pages 114-126 of <i>Earth in Upheaval </i>he
gives a graphic description of what he thinks happened when the ice age began.
The description however sounds more like the Noachian Deluge than the Exodus.
We can therefore expect Velikovsky to run into problems with his placement of
the Noah/Saturn Flood and the events of that time. Presumably Velikovsky must
place the Deluge in the era prior to the Pleistocene (Glacial Age). A check of
the chart on p. l84 of <i>Earth in Upheaval </i>will show this period is known
as the Tertiary or “Age of Mammals”. Under the conventional time scale it is
allocated 70 million years and is followed by one million years of the ice age
and then followed by 30,000 years of the Recent or Holocene Age. This system is
greatly overstretched, Velikovsky claims, and does not allow for any great
catastrophes.</span></div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">In order to show that Velikovsky’s placement of the ice age is incorrect
we must show that the conventional scheme is also wrong and also have some idea
of the time-span Velikovsky allows for the period from the Deluge to the
Exodus. The only clue he gives us is found on p.55 of his article “Seismology,
Catastrophe and Chronology” <i>(Kronos </i>VIII:4). Here he notes that Dr
Schaeffer has discerned that in the 4th millennium BC the ancient Near East
went through great paroxysms before the time of another disaster in the Early
Bronze Age (3<sup>rd</sup> millennium). Velikovsky comments “Schaeffer like
myself … arrived at the same number of disturbances … and the same relative
dating”. Assuming from this <i>that the </i>disaster before the Early Bronze
Age was the Deluge, and placing it in the 4th millennium at 3450 BC then we
obtain a figure of 2000 years for the time Velikovsky would have placed between
the Deluge and the Exodus.</span></div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pick up a copy of Kummel’s <i>History of the Earth </i>and glance at
pp.447-455 and you will see the fallacy of this time-gap. The maps on these
pages clearly show that during the Tertiary Age Europe, North Africa and Asia
Minor were in a state of complete ruin, being mostly under water. Note in
particular the Great Tethys or Central Sea which stretches 9000 miles from
Spain to India and is up to 2000 miles wide. On p.453 the map for the Oligocene
subdivision of the Tertiary shows that the sea invasion of Europe plainly stops
at the boundary of the area covered by the ice age in Scandinavia. This is
curious because under the conventional scheme the ice age does not occur for
another 23 million years. During the Eocene subdivision of the Tertiary the sea
covered the south of England up to a point where the later ice age reached,
supposedly 38 million years later. During the whole period of these disastrous
sea invasions and large scale fresh water floodings the northern part of the
British Isles along with Scandinavia was not touched. In North America it is a
similar story for the Canadian Shield. While the rest of the continent was
subject to sea incursions, rain storm flooding in the mid-west and volcanic
eruptions in the Rockies and Central America all was tranquil in north-east
Canada.</span></div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">It is absolutely impossible that while the rest of the world was
drowning, most of the British Isles, Scandinavia and Canada escaped. There can
only be one solution, <i>i.e. </i>the ice age struck these lands at the same
time as the Noachian Deluge. Conventional geologists have therefore
reconstructed the ages of the past incorrectly by placing too much time between
the end of the Tertiary and the ice age. If either follows immediately or
happens at the same time as the subdivisions of the Tertiary <i>i.e. </i>the
Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene periods are all contemporary with one
another). Failing to grasp this, Velikovsky while at least cutting the time
period down from millions of years to about 2000, has accordingly overrated the
scale of the Exodus catastrophe.</span></div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">There is a slim possibility that Velikovsky might place the Flood at the
time of the dinosaurs. This can easily be discounted. Stone Age Man could not
possibly have survived in a world of flesh-eating dinosaurs like the 18 foot
tall Tyrannosaurus Rex. Besides, in Kummel’s book on p. 37 we find a chart that
clearly shows the dinosaurs drowned because of massive invasions of shallow seas
upon the continents. The actual figures are 75% sea water drownings and 25%
continental rain water and river delta drownings. For the Age of Mammals the
figures are reversed: 20% are drowned by shallow sea invasions and 80% by
lowland continental and upland fresh water. The book of Genesis makes it clear
that the Deluge drownings were caused by forty days and nights of rainstorms.
Once more this favours the Cenozoic era and not the Mesozoic or Dinosaurian
era.</span></div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">A possible new sequence of the geological ages might be:</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cenozoic</span></b></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Holocene </span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">– Neolithic. Bronze, Iron</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pleistocene. Tertiary</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> – Noachian Deluge – many
giant forms of today’s mammals become extinct <i>(cf. </i>Genesis 6:4)</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Palaeocene</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> – period of change between dinosaurs and
mammals</span></div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mesozoic. Palaeozoic</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> – Land and sea creatures of
the Dinosaurian era. They are contemporary and not separated by hundreds of
millions of years as under the conventional scheme. Mostly destroyed by sea
wave invasions caused by comet strikes in the oceans.</span></div>
<br />
<div align="right" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: right;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">[End of article]</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Were
Dinosaurs included in Noah’s Ark? </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hardly!</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">At: </span><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="http://www.oldearth.org/flood.htm"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">http://www.oldearth.org/flood.htm</span></a>
</span>we read (slightly adapted)</div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"></span></div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<strong>Dinosaurs</strong></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
... creation science
proponents are quick to use dinosaur graveyards as evidence of Noah’s Flood.
They claim the dinosaurs herded together, and then were quickly buried.
However, this explanation is not feasible.</div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
The dinosaur graveyards
referred to are mostly in North America, in sediments in Utah, Wyoming,
Colorado, Montana, and Canada. However, looking at the positioning of the rock
layers, there are thousands of feet of sediment below these layers that the
young earth theorists claim were deposited by the Flood.</div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
To make this more
understandable, let’s look at the Grand Canyon. Steven Austin, in his book
Grand Canyon: Monument to Catastrophe, claims the Canyon rocks represent those
which were deposited during the rising waters phase of the Flood (Figure 4.1).
The “Late Flood”, or receding water rock deposits, are the Mesozoic sediments.</div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
It is interesting to note that
all the dinosaur fossils, including the mass graves, are Mesozoic in age. This
means that all the dinosaurs died in the receding water phase of the flood.
However, it is clear from Genesis 7:21-23, that all life was killed during the
first 40 days of the Flood. Some young-earth theorists will argue that the
bodies floated around, and eventually sank, based on various factors as body
size, density, and so forth. However, this cannot be true, because the dinosaur
footprints all exist in the same Mesozoic rock layers, as do all the dinosaur
coprolites (fossilized dinosaur poop), and fossilized dinosaur eggs. Clearly,
the dinosaurs were alive and well, after the declaration in Genesis 7:21-23
that all living things were killed during the first forty days of the flood. ....</div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div align="right" style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: right;">
[End of quote]</div>
<br />
<div align="right" style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: right;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
For a greatly
reduced timetable for the Ice Ages, see Anne Habermehl’s article:</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
</div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">ANCIENT EGYPT, THE ICE AGE, AND BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY</span></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.creationsixdays.net/2013_ICC_Habermehl_AncientEgypt.pdf"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">http://www.creationsixdays.net/2013_ICC_Habermehl_AncientEgypt.pdf</span></a></span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">following </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Michael
J. </span><em><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Oard’s research in</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><strong> </strong></span></em><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><i>An Ice Age Caused
by the Genesis Flood</i></span><i></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> (1990)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ice-Age-Caused-Genesis-Flood/dp/093276620X" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a><br /></div>
AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-84197673026113497422019-06-04T16:52:00.002-07:002019-06-04T16:53:33.424-07:00Göbekli Tepe dating plain wrong <br />
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 26pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><br /></span></i></span></i></span></span></span></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<img alt="Stone pillars at " height="213" src="https://img.newatlas.com/gobekli-tepe-1.jpg?auto=format%2Ccompress&ch=Width%2CDPR&fit=crop&h=347&q=60&rect=0%2C83%2C926%2C522&w=616&s=a054e7ad4e35fbb157a00116d96e4ca8" width="640" /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7267218887680687085#gallery"></a><br />
<em> </em></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Regarding the topic of
evolution in general I </i><em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">am of the opinion that </span></i></em></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the strong tendency</span></i></em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> towards the dressing of large </i><em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">stones at
Göbekli Tepe</span></i></em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
</i></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">had </i><em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">its<wbr></wbr></span></i></em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b><em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">origin</span></i></em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
in the </i><em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Acheulean tradition</span></i></em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">of the Mousterian
culture”.</i></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></i></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pietro
Gaietto</i></b></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“History is Wrong” </b>declares one site regarding “<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Mystery of Gobekli Tepe” (2018)</span>: <span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="https://coolinterestingstuff.com/the-mystery-of-gobekli-tepe"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://coolinterestingstuff.com/the-mystery-of-gobekli-tepe</span></a></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #1f4e79; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 12pt;">…. many
have proposed that Gobekli Tepe can even be a temple inside the Biblical Eden
of Genesis. Is it possible that what we know about the ‘uncivilized and
primitive’ prehistoric men is not at all true? Is it possible that advanced
civilizations existed before 6000 BCE and their tracks are simply lost in time?
Or is it possible that extra-terrestrials interfered and helped men to build
monuments throughout the history of humanity? The questions are certainly
compelling.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 12pt;">Man was
supposed to have been a primitive hunter-gatherer at the time of the sites’
construction. Gobekli Tepe’s presence currently predates what science has
taught would be essential in building something on the scale such as those
structures. For instance, the site appears before the agreed upon dates for the
inventions of art and engravings; it even predates man working with metals and
pottery but features evidence of all of these. ….</span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 12pt;">which site finds
it all so incomprehensible as to have to resort to this extreme suggestion: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 20pt;">Ancient Aliens</span></b></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 12pt;">If
ancient aliens visited Earth, can evidence of their existence be found in the
mysterious structures that still stand throughout the world? Inexplicably,
megalithic structures found on different continents are strikingly similar, and
the cutting and moving of the massive stones used to build these magnificent
feats would be a struggle for modern day machinery, let alone ancient man.
Ancient astronaut theorists suggest that the standing stones in Carnac, France
were used as an ancient GPS system for ancient flying machines. The recently
discovered Gobekli Tepe in Turkey, which has been dated back 12,000 years, has
finely chiseled pillars that experts describe as a Noah’s Ark in stone. Is it
possible that extraterrestrials assisted primitive man in constructing these
unexplained structures? If so, what was the purpose of these grand projects?</span></i></div>
<br />
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></i></div>
<br />
<div align="right" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: right;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 12pt;">[End of quotes]</span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The truth is that
Paleolithic man was nowhere near as primitive as proponents of evolutionary development
imagine. See e.g. my multi-part series:</span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">So-called
Paleolithic man was not dumb</span></b></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">commencing with:</span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/38355575/So-called_Paleolithic_man_was_not_dumb._Part_One_Long_cultural_tradition_of_sky_watching"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/38355575/So-called_Paleolithic_man_was_not_dumb._Part_One_Long_cultural_tradition_of_sky_watchin</span></a></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 12pt;">but consider especially
this one potentially linking Australian Aborigines with </span><em><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Göbekli Tepe:</span></em></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<em><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></em></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">So-called
Paleolithic man was not dumb. Part Four: Australian Aboriginal link to Göbekli
Tepe?</span></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #1f4e79; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/38411076/So-called_Paleolithic_man_was_not_dumb._Part_Four_Australian_Aboriginal_link_to_G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://www.academia.edu/38411076/So-called_Paleolithic_man_was_not_dumb._Part_Four_Australian_Aboriginal_link_to_G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe</span></a></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">“We start with a comparison between the only female
figure discovered at Göbekli Tepe, and a rock painting depicting a well-known
creator being from Arnhem land, Yingarna. The likeness between these two images
is immediately striking; we recognise similar posture with the same positioning
of the legs and breasts, cartoonish exaggeration of the female genitalia, and
clearly inhuman heads”.</span></b></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Pietro Gaietto (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Intelligent Cells and their Inventions, </i>p.
42) considers <em><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Göbekli
Tepe to belong to “the Acheulean tradition</span></em> of the
Mousterian culture” <em><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of what the author calls “modern post-Paleolithic”:</span></em></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">To<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">my knowledge, the most ancient
civilization</span></em><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> that we might define as modern
post-Paleolithic, was discovered at an<wbr></wbr> </span><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">archeological site called Göbekli Tepe</span></em><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">, </span><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">an area which includes the</span></em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">south-eastern region of
</span><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">present day Turkey</span></em><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">. The </span><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Göbekli Tepe site is a peculiar</span></em><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> cultic
locale, without habitations, </span><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">although they exist just</span></em><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> a few miles away. A </span><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">large number</span></em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b></span><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">geometric stelae</span></em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">-</span></b><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">statues</span></em><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> in limestone have been found, decorated
with bas-reliefs and engravings of animals ….</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Anthropometric free-standing tall squared
stones, and <em><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pilaster in a T</span></em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">-</b><em><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">shape</span></em>, carry representations,
in high or low <em><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">relief, of animals such as foxes</span></em>, lions and <em><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">scorpions; and vultures</span></em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>flying or not; deer,
bovids, spiders, snakes, cranes, ducks, ostriches, crocodiles, herons, leopards
and wildcats. Regarding the topic of evolution in general I <em><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">am of the opinion that the
strong tendency</span></em> towards the dressing of large <em><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">stones at Göbekli Tepe</span></em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>had <em><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">its<wbr></wbr></span></em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><em><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">origin</span></em> in the <em><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Acheulean tradition</span></em> of the Mousterian
culture. I <em><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">believe that the Göbekli Tepe</span></em> civilization
may well have been the end result of a mixing of two different cultures<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">,<wbr></wbr> </b><em><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">although we know nothing
at this point</span></em> regarding the commingling of
different populations in those archaic periods of time.</span></div>
<br />
<div align="right" style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">[End of quote]</span></div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm -2.3pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Dr. John Osgood
has, in his far more satisfactory arrangement of the Stone Ages, greatly
lowered on the timescale the Acheulean (and Mousterian) phase (“<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">A Better Model for the Stone Age”): <span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="https://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://creation.com/a-better-model-for-the-stone-age</span></a></span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<br />
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; page-break-after: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: #1f4d78; font-family: "calibri light"; font-size: small;">The Model: A Preliminary Hypothesis</span></span></b></h3>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato"; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">From the dispersion of Babel into the virgin forested
lands of Palestine came the families of Canaan - Genesis 10:15-19. The initial
number of families is unknown, but they are represented culturally by the
Palestinian Acheulean artifacts.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato"; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Their culture was consciously adapted to their new
environment of heavily forested country and wet climate with large lakes in
land basins, much of the water being left-over from the great Flood. The wet
climate would have produced heavy sedimentation of the open land and friable
conditions in many caves, which nonetheless were good protection from the
climate.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato"; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">From the Acheulian background two different developments
came - the Mousterian and Aurignacian of Palestine. At Carmel the Mousterian
shelters suffered collapse, possibly from earthquake, 15:176 ending Mousterian
habitation in them. Geographically at least, the Aurignacian appears to have
given rise to Kebaran culture.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato"; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The Natufian appears to have been invasive, probably
from the north, but possibly having a memory of a riverine background:</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato"; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 26.05pt 0pt 1cm;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato"; font-size: 12pt;">‘All
that may be said at present is that the Natufian settlers came from an Alluvial
environment and brought with them a tradition of building in clay or pise.’<sup>18</sup></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato"; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Moore affirms that Natufian to PPNA then PPNB formed
one cultural continuity.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato"; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">A new invasion from the north came with the PNA
culture, continuous with PNB. But against the biblical model, this also must
have been a Canaanite culture,<sup>5:23</sup> as was all before it.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato"; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Proto-Urban possibly followed, contemporary with
Ghassulian culture (North8) and possibly had a relationship with the Esdraelon
culture of the North Palestine area. But with it came rock-hewn tomb burials,
suggesting a possible connection with the Hittites of Genesis 23:9.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato"; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 11.85pt 0pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "lato"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">We seem to be on surer ground when identifying Ghassul
with the Amorites (see ‘The Times of Abraham’, this volume), a wave of
Canaanites which came down through southern Syria. They were perhaps related to
the defunct Hassuna culture driven out by Halafian expansion, which enveloped
Hassuna and Syria, and more particularly, Aram-Naharaim. ….</span></div>
AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7267218887680687085.post-19462807570721630722019-05-29T16:07:00.003-07:002019-05-29T17:00:08.874-07:00No Bull – Taurus in Lascaux caves <br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 48pt;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="540b5292f20f6752bb5196dbd6b5017c" class="alignnone wp-image-15840" data-attachment-id="15840" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"Canon MX520 series","caption":"","created_timestamp":"","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="540b5292f20f6752bb5196dbd6b5017c" data-large-file="https://endtimesand2019.files.wordpress.com/2017/12/540b5292f20f6752bb5196dbd6b5017c.jpg?w=750" data-medium-file="https://endtimesand2019.files.wordpress.com/2017/12/540b5292f20f6752bb5196dbd6b5017c.jpg?w=300" data-orig-file="https://endtimesand2019.files.wordpress.com/2017/12/540b5292f20f6752bb5196dbd6b5017c.jpg" data-orig-size="1846,1429" data-permalink="https://endtimesand2019.wordpress.com/2018/08/25/lascaux-cave-paintings-show-zodiac-constellations-same-today-as-13000-b-c/540b5292f20f6752bb5196dbd6b5017c/" height="496" sizes="(max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px" src="https://endtimesand2019.files.wordpress.com/2017/12/540b5292f20f6752bb5196dbd6b5017c.jpg?w=320&h=248" srcset="https://endtimesand2019.files.wordpress.com/2017/12/540b5292f20f6752bb5196dbd6b5017c.jpg?w=320&h=248 320w, https://endtimesand2019.files.wordpress.com/2017/12/540b5292f20f6752bb5196dbd6b5017c.jpg?w=640&h=496 640w, https://endtimesand2019.files.wordpress.com/2017/12/540b5292f20f6752bb5196dbd6b5017c.jpg?w=150&h=116 150w, https://endtimesand2019.files.wordpress.com/2017/12/540b5292f20f6752bb5196dbd6b5017c.jpg?w=300&h=232 300w" width="640" /><strong> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></strong></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Chantal Jègues-Wolkiewiez … </i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">has proposed that the [Lascaux] cave paintings </span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">record the constellations of a prehistoric version of the zodiac</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">which also included solstice points and major stars”.</span></i></div>
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<span style="color: black;">At: </span><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="https://grahamhancock.com/glynjonesw1/"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">https://grahamhancock.com/glynjonesw1/</span></a> </span>we read:</div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">….</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The possibility that constellations, specifically Taurus and the Pleiades, were represented in the artwork of the Lascaux caves has been suggested before. Luz Antequera Congregado first suggested in her doctoral thesis in 1992 that the dots above the shoulder of this bull depict the Pleiades (and that the dots on the bull's face are the neighbouring Hyades).</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Keeping this in mind we may then go to another theory about Lascaux art, and the leaning bird-man image to be specific, which suggests that he and his bull represent the old myth of Yima and the Primordial Bull. Mary Settegast in <em><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Plato Prehistorian</span></em>makes this brilliant suggestion. This Yima figure is found in Hindu India as Yama, Persia as Yima, Norse lands as Ymir, and always there are the associations of the primordial bovine, the identity of Yima as a first ancestor, and as the lord of the dead, and usually there is the creation of the world from his body. The Indo-European root of this name means "Twin", and Gemini ("twins") is from this same root. This is where I fuse the two aforementioned theories into one, and an increasingly solid hypothesis begins to reveal itself.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The Twins constellation, Gemini, is located next to Taurus, the Bull. Gemini consists of two long straight lines leaning at a 45-degree angle with respect to the ecliptic, while the majority of Zodiac figures stand upright at culmination. The Bird Man also leans at this angle, and is drawn from two long straight lines. He is certainly in the right position relative to the Bull.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The Rhino in the painting (believed my Mary Settegast to represent the Death Principle in the myth) is in the location of Leo, and with some delight we observe that the back parts of the Rhino map perfectly onto the formation of this constellation. ….</span></span></span></div>
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And, at: <span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><a href="http://members.westnet.com.au/gary-david-thompson/page11-1.html"><span style="color: #1f4e79; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1F4E79; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">http://members.westnet.com.au/gary-david-thompson/page11-1.html</span></a></span></div>
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there is this intriguing article:</div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Episodic Survey of the History of the Constellations</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">A somewhat recent proponent of an astronomical interpretation of the Lascaux cave paintings is the independent French researcher Chantal Jègues-Wolkiewiez who has a PhD in Humanities. (Like all persons who make any type of study of this nature she is termed an archeoastronomer/ethnoastronomer.) Her investigations first began in 1992 with the Chalcolithic period cave engravings in the Vallée des Merveilles. In 1998, in partnership with Jean-Michel Geneste (Curator of Lascaux cave), she began studying the caves and Paleolithic ornamented shelters in France. The particular research study was conducted in 1999-2000. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">From this she believes she has uncovered evidence to demonstrate that the Paleolithic painters were astronomers. (</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Over a wider period of 7 years, Jègues-Wolkiewiez visited 130 cave sites featuring Paleolithic drawings, identifying believed solar alignments throughout the seasons, and leading to her claim that 122 of the 130 sites had optimal orientations to the solstitial horizons.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">) At the 2000 international conference on cave art in Val Camonica, Italy she made the claim that the people who painted the Lascaux cave were astronomers and that they also painted a zodiac on the walls of the cave. </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">She has proposed that the [Lascaux] cave paintings record the constellations of a prehistoric [sic] version of the zodiac which also included solstice points and major stars.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">I think that Frank Edge also claimed that Lascaux's Hall of Bulls pictured the stars of the ecliptic. ("Lascaux, View of the Magdalenian Sky." by Chantal Jègues-Wolkiewiez (Symposium of Cave Art, Val Camonica, Italy, 2000.) The study was based on a series of astronomical measurements. They used astronomical software to recreate the night sky at Lascaux 17,000 years ago [sic], and models of the modern Western constellations. They made measurements of the astronomical alignments of the cave paintings and also compared the outlines of the paintings in the Hall of the Bulls with the night sky in Magdelenian times. (For a (French-language) summary of her work and conclusions see: "Lascaux planetarium prehistorique?" by Pedro Lima (Science & Vie, Number 999, December, 2000.) Her central claim is the Great Hall figures comprise a prehistoric zodiac. …. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Interestingly, during the first decades of the 20th-century the French prehistorians Marcel Baudouin and Henri Breuil speculated about the possibility of constellations being represented in prehistoric art. (To a considerable extent Alexander Marshack and his ideas of Palaeolithic lunar calendars (developed during the 1970s) fostered renewed interest in the possibility of Palaeolithic constellations.) During the last decades of the 20th-century they were followed by the Swiss engineer Amandus Weiss, the astronomer Heino Eelsalu, and the German art historian Marie König who considered the possibility of constellation representation in the Lascaux cave art. Also, the eccentric German ethnologist Leo Frobenius in his book <i>Kulturgeschichte Africas</i> (1934) conjectured that the animals painted in the Magdalenian caves of Southern France and Northern Spain represented stars. Largely forgotten are the proponents of astral theories, Morris Spivack (Morris J. (Redman) Spivack) (1903-?) (<i>Cosmic Dance at Lascaux: New Theory of Paleolithic Art and Religion</i>, 13-page hand-typed manuscript filed in the Library of Congress, 1961, but also published in French and English), and Elaine Mills (<i>The Prehistoric Puzzle and the Key to Paleolithic Art</i>, unpublished Junior Honors Project in Anthropology, May 1972 - August 1973, Sweet Briar College). However, the main proponents remain Luz Antequera Congregado, Frank Edge, and Michael Rappenglück (and more recently Chantal Jègues-Wolkiewiez). All were involved in independent and lengthy research prior to their first publications. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Luz Antequera Congregado, Frank Edge, Michael Rappenglück, and Chantal Jègues-Wolkiewiez converge on some similar ideas. However, each of them utilises a different level of speculation. Luz Antequera Congregado largely bases her ideas on the application of the art-historical approach and does not employ archaeological or astronomical analysis. Frank Edge also utilises art-historical and psychological approaches as well as simple constellation projections onto particular paintings. Michael Rappenglück applies a wider interdisciplinary methodology. Chantal Jègues-Wolkiewiez uses multiple methods of astronomical analysis (including astronomical measurements and constellation projection). ….</span><br />
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<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Part Two:</span></strong></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Dr. Michael Rappenglück’s views</span></strong></div>
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<em>“Painted on the wall was a bull, a strange bird-man and an enigmatic bird on a stick. </em></div>
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<em>Dr Rappenglück realised to his amazement that these outlines form a map of the sky! </em></div>
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<em>The eyes of the bull, bird and bird-man represent … Vega, Deneb and Altair”.</em></div>
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At: <a href="https://www.buckinghamcovers.com/celebrities/view/371-.php">https://www.buckinghamcovers.com/celebrities/view/371-.php</a> where we learn about the research of Dr. Rappenglück, we might be surprised to read - in light of our <strong>Part One</strong>:<br />
<a href="https://www.academia.edu/39307461/No_Bull_-_Taurus_in_Lascaux_Caves">https://www.academia.edu/39307461/No_Bull_-_Taurus_in_Lascaux_Caves</a> - the article’s claiming that: “It wasn’t until 2000 that the world realised there might be more to these paintings than first met the eye”.<br />
This might remind one of the claim in the flyleaf one of David Rohl’s books that he was the first to have conceived of a revised ancient chronology.<br />
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It was well before 2000, and before Dr. Rappenglück, that such conclusions were being drawn.<br />
Anyway, the article tell this of Dr. Rappenglück’s conclusions:<br />
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16,000 years ago [sic], our ancestors painted spectacular drawings of Ice Age animals on the walls of their cave dwellings in Lascaux, central France.<br />
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When archaeologists first found the paintings back in 1940, it was a hugely exciting discovery. But they didn’t know then the full extent of what they had unearthed.<br />
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It wasn’t until 2000 that the world realised there might be more to these paintings than first met the eye. German researcher, Dr Michael Rappenglück believes that the paintings were more than just decorations. The caves could also be a prehistoric planetarium, where mankind first charted the stars.<br />
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He stumbled on this while exploring one region of the Lascaux caves known as the Shaft of the Dead Man. Painted on the wall was a bull, a strange bird-man and an enigmatic bird on a stick. Dr Rappenglück realised to his amazement that these outlines form a map of the sky! The eyes of the bull, bird and bird-man represent three prominent stars: Vega, Deneb and Altair.<br />
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Put together, these three stars are known as the Summer Triangle because they are so incredibly bright during the summer months. During the Ice Age, the Summer Triangle would never have set below the horizon and would have shone even brighter than today. It’s no wonder our ancestors were captivated. "It was their sky, full of animals and spirits", says Dr Rappenglück. So on the walls of their cave, it seems, they drew a map of the prehistoric cosmos.<br />
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That wasn’t all. Dr Rappenglück went on to find another Ice Age animal in the stars. Nearer the entrance of the Lascaux cave complex is a splendid painting of a bull. Dr Rappenglück says this too holds secrets to the sky. Hanging over the bull's shoulders, is what genuinely looks like a map of the cluster of stars called the Seven Sisters (Pleiades). And then, inside the bull itself, there are spots that seem to represent other stars. Incredibly, this part of the sky today is the constellation of Taurus, the Bull. It seems our Ice Age ancestors were the first to recognise the bull within the stars.<br />
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Dr Rappenglück found another star map in Spain, on the walls of the Cueva di El Castillo cave in the mountains of Pico del Castillo. A long-ignored curved pattern of dots on one wall appears to be a map of the Northern Crown constellation.<br />
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He may even have found a link between Far Eastern festivals of stars and the caves of the Ice Age. Rappenglück noticed a series of pits on the floor of a cave at La Marche, France which seems to be in the shape the Seven Sisters star cluster. He wonders if the small holes were filled with animal fat and set alight to mimick the flickering stars in the sky. That set him thinking. "Perhaps this is the origin of the candlelit festivals of the Far East where lighted candles are held in the shape of the Pleiades. Perhaps it is a tradition that stretches back tens of thousands of years into our Stone Age past".<br />
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The world is amazed and excited with Dr Rappenglück's research. Archaeologists who looked at his conclusions agreed that they are reasonable. It seems Dr Michael Rappenglück is the man to have uncovered the earliest evidence of human interest in the stars.<br />
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AMAIChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14460852293132739396noreply@blogger.com0